1. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer Woolfolk / Perry Child and Adolescent Development © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sixth Edition

2. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction to Research in Education Chapter 1 Woolfolk / Perry Child and Adolescent Development © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Discussion Topics Sources of knowledge The nature of scientific inquiry Types of research designs Quantitative Qualitative Mixed-Method Analytical Basic, Applied, Evaluation, and Action Research report formats

4. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Sources of Knowledge All of us frequently make decisions related to our professional lives Some decisions are very, very important, others quite trivial Some decisions are made in very formal, deliberate manners, others quite capriciously Where do we turn for such knowledge?

5. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Sources of Knowledge What is the likely basis upon which each of the following questions could be answered? What is the best way to relax, today? What are we going to do for the holidays this year? What are the legal implications of the new attendance policy?

6. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Sources of Knowledge Legitimate sources for decisions of this nature Personal experience Tradition Authority Logic Research

7. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Sources of Knowledge What is the likely basis upon which each of the following questions could be answered? Will Gabrielle benefit by being held back in the second grade next year? How many students should be scheduled into Ms. North’s third grade class? Does block scheduling have an effect upon students’ achievement?

8. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Sources of Knowledge Research is the most legitimate source for questions of this nature Research is a systematic process that is guided by accepted procedures to establish credibility Data collection Data analysis Interpretation The systematic, testable, and objective nature of research permits careful examination of the process and results

9. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Sources of Knowledge Describe some of the more important decisions you’ve made recently in your work with students, faculty, or clients. On what basis did you rely to make these decisions?

10. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Research as Scientific Inquiry Scientific inquiry is the search for knowledge using recognized methods in data collection, analysis, and interpretation The purpose of scientific inquiry is to develop knowledge Describe phenomena Examine empirical relationships between or among phenomena Test whether such relationships are causal in nature

11. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Principles of Scientific Inquiry Pose Significant Questions That Can Be Investigated Empirically Link Research to Relevant Theory Use Methods That Permit Direct Investigation of the Question Provide a Coherent, Explicit, and Evidence- based Chain of Reasoning Replicate and Generalize Across Studies Disclose Research to Encourage Professional Scrutiny, Critique and Peer Review.

12. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Applying Systematic Inquiry Question Method Results Conclusion

13. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Educational Research Not a single, appropriate methodological approach to study education Two major approaches Quantitative Qualitative Mixed method combines the two approaches

14. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Educational Research Differentiating characteristics Goals Quantitative: tests theory, establishes facts, shows relationships, predicts, or statistically describes Qualitative: develops grounded theory, develops understanding, describes multiple realities, captures naturally occurring behavior Research design Quantitative: highly structured, formal, and specific Qualitative: unstructured, flexible, evolving

15. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Educational Research Differentiating characteristics Participants Quantitative: many participants representative of the groups from which they were chosen using probabilistic sampling techniques Qualitative: few participants chosen using non- probabilistic sampling techniques for specific characteristics of interest to the researchers Data, data collection, and data analysis Quantitative: numerical data collected at specific times from tests or surveys and analyzed statistically Qualitative: narrative data collected over a long period of time from observations and interviews and analyzed using interpretive techniques

16. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Educational Research Differentiating characteristics Researcher’s role Quantitative: detached, objective observers of events Qualitative: participant observers reporting participant’s perspectives understood only after developing long-term, close, trusting relationships with participants Context Quantitative: manipulated and controlled settings Qualitative: naturalistic settings

17. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Types of Research Designs

18. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Quantitative Designs Two major categories Experimental The investigation of causal effects through direct manipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables Non-experimental The investigation of the current state of a variable or the relationships, other than causal, between variables

19. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Quantitative Designs Differentiating the three types of experimental designs True experimental Random assignment of subjects to groups Quasi-experimental Non-random assignment of subjects to groups Single subject Non-random selection of a single subject

20. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Quantitative Designs Differentiating the four types of non-experimental designs Descriptive Makes careful descriptions of the current situation or status of a variable(s) of interest Comparative Compares two or more groups on some variable of interest Correlational Establishes a relationship (i.e., non-causal) between or among variables Causal Comparative / Ex post facto Explores possible causes and effects among variables that cannot be manipulated by the researcher.

21. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Qualitative Designs Five major categories of designs Case study An examination of a specific instance of a phenomena in its natural context viewed from the perspective of the participants Phenomenology A description of the meaning of an experience Ethnography A description the beliefs and practices of a cultural or social group or system Grounded theory A description of a conceptual understanding of a particular phenomenon Critical Studies Focuses on marginalized people, with investigations of injustice and inequity

22. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Mixed Method Designs The use of quantitative and qualitative designs and methods within a single study Allows the researcher to better match the approach to gathering and analyzing data to the research questions Relative emphasis given to any particular method varies widely

23. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Analytical Designs Events, ideas, concepts or artifacts are investigated by analyzing documents, records, and other media Three basic approaches Historical analysis the systematic collection and criticism of documents that describe past events of relevance to education Legal Analysis examine how legal precedents influence educational practice Concept analysis the study of educational concepts (e.g., co-operative learning, leadership, etc.) to describe the different meanings and the uses of the concept

24. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Four Functions of Research 1.Basic: research designed to test or refine theory 2.Applied: research conducted in a field of common practice and concerned with the application and development of research based knowledge

25. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Four Functions of Research 3.Action: research designed to solve a specific classroom or school problem, improve practice, or make a decision at a single local site 4.Evaluation: research designed to assess the merit and worth or a specific practice in terms of the values operating at a site

26. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Educational Report Formats Title and author Abstract Introduction Quantitative: specific research questions Qualitative: general problem statement Review of the literature Quantitative: extensive Qualitative: brief

27. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Educational Report Formats Research problem statement or questions Quantitative: specific, narrow questions and hypotheses Qualitative: general, foreshadowed questions Method and design Quantitative: participants, instruments, and procedures Qualitative: participants and settings/sites

28. McMillan Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer, 6e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Educational Report Formats Results Quantitative: statistical explanations Qualitative: narrative descriptions Discussion Conclusions References