1. Accident Theories Summary (Lec #2) Accident theories attempt to understand how accidents occur Accident theories attempt to understand how accidents occur This understanding enables sensitization to factors and implementation of tools to avoid accidents This understanding enables sensitization to factors and implementation of tools to avoid accidents Management is ultimately responsible!! Management is ultimately responsible!!

2. Evaluation of Theories Does the theory make intuitive sense ? Does the theory make intuitive sense ? Has it been proven through a scientific study ? Has it been proven through a scientific study ? Does it have utility in a practical context ? Does it have utility in a practical context ?

3. Evaluation of Theories Accident Proneness Accident Proneness Goal-Freedom-Alertness Goal-Freedom-Alertness Adjustment-Stress Adjustment-Stress Distractions Distractions Chain of Events Chain of Events IntuitiveScientificPractical

4. Theory Application Which of the theories can be applied to analyze the following situations ? Which of the theories can be applied to analyze the following situations ?

5. WHEN DO INJURIES OCCUR ? - A Data Driven Analysis

6. DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS A Data driven approach is truly scientific. (Basic data) A Data driven approach is truly scientific. (Basic data) Expert Opinion is also acceptable but can be contradictory – questionnaire surveys Expert Opinion is also acceptable but can be contradictory – questionnaire surveys Obtaining basic safety data is not easy – people try to cover-up. Opinions are easy to get!! Obtaining basic safety data is not easy – people try to cover-up. Opinions are easy to get!!

7. Research Methodology Data collection for Department of Labor – State of Washington for 5 year period Data collection for Department of Labor – State of Washington for 5 year period Data analyzed using basic statistics to compare relationships between variables Data analyzed using basic statistics to compare relationships between variables More statistical analysis is possible for scientific rigor. More statistical analysis is possible for scientific rigor.

8. Statistics Presented Hour of work-day Hour of work-day Day of Week Day of Week Season of Year Season of Year Effect of Shift Work Effect of Shift Work Effect of Lunar Cycles ?? Effect of Lunar Cycles ?? Effect of Biorhythm Cycle ?? Effect of Biorhythm Cycle ??

9. Most accidents occur Most accidents occur In the morning hours as the workers are just getting started In the morning hours as the workers are just getting started In late afternoon as the workers are fatigued or distracted In late afternoon as the workers are fatigued or distracted After lunch as concentration levels are low After lunch as concentration levels are low Others …… Others …… Hour of Day – Possible Hypotheses

10. Hour of Day - Results

11. Hour of Day - Analysis Morning 10:00-11:00 & Afternoon 2:00-3:00 Morning 10:00-11:00 & Afternoon 2:00-3:00 Maximum occurrence during peak work hours Maximum occurrence during peak work hours Consistent for all the years data is presented Consistent for all the years data is presented Fatigue is not a factor Fatigue is not a factor Any other analysis angles ? Any other analysis angles ?

12. Hour of Day - Action Worker awareness of this pattern – exercise more caution during peak hours Worker awareness of this pattern – exercise more caution during peak hours More safety personnel on site during this period More safety personnel on site during this period Focus on planning safety into peak time work Focus on planning safety into peak time work

13. Most accidents occur on Most accidents occur on Mondays – start of the work week distractions Mondays – start of the work week distractions Fridays - end of the work week distractions Fridays - end of the work week distractions Middle of the week maximum work output Middle of the week maximum work output Others……… Others……… Day of the week – Possible Hypotheses

14. Day of the week - Results

15. Day of Week - Analysis Typically maximum work is on Wednesday but accidents are fewer that on Monday! Typically maximum work is on Wednesday but accidents are fewer that on Monday! Injuries steadily decline through the work-week. Injuries steadily decline through the work-week. Mental transition from week-end to work-week Mental transition from week-end to work-week Possible week-end injuries brought to work for workers comp! Possible week-end injuries brought to work for workers comp!

16. Day of the week -Action Schedule safety meetings on Monday mornings to make the transition. Schedule safety meetings on Monday mornings to make the transition. Project work cycles need not be Mon-Fri. Schedule safety meeting at the start of any major work. Project work cycles need not be Mon-Fri. Schedule safety meeting at the start of any major work. Look for individual patterns on projects and take appropriate steps. Payday…Holiday…. Look for individual patterns on projects and take appropriate steps. Payday…Holiday….

17. Hr & Day - Results

18. Most accidents during Most accidents during Holiday Season ? Holiday Season ? Peak Winter ? Peak Winter ? Peak Summer ? Peak Summer ? Fall ? Fall ? Spring ? Spring ? ?? ?? Month of the year – Possible Hypotheses

19. Month of the year – Results

20. Most work is scheduled in Jul-Aug. Most work is scheduled in Jul-Aug. Holiday season has less number of work-days Holiday season has less number of work-days Slower work activity during winter months. Slower work activity during winter months. ACTION: No specific action, safety steps should be work related. ACTION: No specific action, safety steps should be work related. Month of the year – Analysis/Action

21. Hour & Time of Year - Results

22. Shift Work Many impacts – Insufficient basic data!!! Many impacts – Insufficient basic data!!! Shift – overtime is common on many projects to meet schedule Shift – overtime is common on many projects to meet schedule Natural rhythms are affected - circadian rhythms Natural rhythms are affected - circadian rhythms Our function levels are influenced by Sunlight Our function levels are influenced by Sunlight Frequent changes in shift assignment should be avoided Frequent changes in shift assignment should be avoided Environmental conditions for shift work – lighting etc. Environmental conditions for shift work – lighting etc.

23. Effect of Lunar Cycles!!! No relationship between Lunar Cycles and Accidents

24. Influence of Biorhythms BIORHYTHMS BIORHYTHMS Three cycles Three cycles Physical Physical Emotional Emotional Intellectual Intellectual Cycles start at birth and have different frequencies Cycles start at birth and have different frequencies Cycle can be generated given your birth date Cycle can be generated given your birth date Your current level in the cycle is based on today. Your current level in the cycle is based on today.

25. Research Methodology Data from a large construction site with 3000 workers. Data from a large construction site with 3000 workers. Date of Birth from records to compute bio-rhythm cycle Date of Birth from records to compute bio-rhythm cycle Each recorded incident was compared with individuals position on each cycle. Each recorded incident was compared with individuals position on each cycle.

26. Physical Cycle

27. Emotional Cycle

28. Intellectual Cycle

29. Influence of Biorhythms NO SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE ON INFLUENCE OF BIORYTHMS If there was evidence, how can it be used by management to minimize accidents ?

30. Summary Primarily an introduction to a data driven approach to find patterns between accidents and time of occurrence. Primarily an introduction to a data driven approach to find patterns between accidents and time of occurrence. Based on these patterns, appropriate management action can be taken. Based on these patterns, appropriate management action can be taken. Data availability & accessibility is an issue, but with today’s recording requirements and network access it is becoming easier. Data availability & accessibility is an issue, but with today’s recording requirements and network access it is becoming easier.