1. Chapter 6 Plants & Animals

2. Section 6.1: Comparing Plants & Animals pg. 164-168

3. Characteristics & Classifications of Plants
are multicellular eukaryotes
have a cell wall
most are autotrophic (photosynthesis)
are non-motile
have a reproductive strategy called “alternation of generations”

4. 3 Main Parts of Plants
Roots
Leaves
Stems

5. Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue: - a collection of cells arranged to conduct water & nutrients throughout the plant - link the roots to the highest leaves.

6. Classifying Plants
The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 2 groups: 1. Vascular plants (most plants) 2. Non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts – do not contain roots, stems or leaves.)

7. Plant Reproduction To reproduce, plants depend on:
Wind
Insects, other animals
Water
These help to disperse pollen grains

8. Pollen grains are male gametes and they are carried to a female plant.
After fertilization, a zygote develops inside a seed.
Seed: a structure made up of an embryo, stored food & a tough waterproof coat.

9. Alternation of Generations
Life cycles of plants consist of 2 stages:
1. Haploid
sex cells with half the # of chromosomes
2. Diploid
after 2 sex cells fuse – full # of chromosomes

10. Alternation of Generations
The diploid sporophyte (spore-making body) produces spores that are haploid. The haploid spores grow into a plant body called the gametophyte (gamete-making body).

11. Alternation of Generations
Gametophytes produce male & female gametes that fuse at fertilization and develop into another sporophyte. The cycle then repeats. ** Know figure 6.3 on page 166.

13. Characteristics & Classification of Animals
are multicellular eukaryotes
lack cell walls
reproduce sexually
are heterotrophic
are motile

14. Classifying Animals
The Kingdom Animalia is divided into 2 groups: 1. Vertebrates (have a backbone – 5%) 2. Invertebrates (no backbone)

15. Characteristics Used to Classify Animals into Phyla
Number of germ layers
Digestive system
Body symmetry
Development of an internal body cavity
Type of Reproduction

16. Section 6.1: Review Questions
Do the “Thinking Lab” on page 167.
Do question #’s 1-8 on page 168.

17. Section 6.1 Answers
Design a chart or graphic organizer to compare plants & animals.
Similarities: eukaryotic cells, multicellular, sexual reproduction (usually)
Differences: cell wall & chlorophyll in plants, autotrophic vs. heterotrophic, motility

18. List three changes that had to occur for plants to move from a life in water to a life on land.
Plants had to:
1. find and conserve water
2. develop an anchoring system
3. build a transport system to move water and minerals from the outside to the cells of the plant

19. Is the size of a plant any indication of the way in which it transports water & nutrients? Explain your answer.
A small plant does not require the vascular system that larger plants do. A small plant would therefore depend on osmosis and diffusion to transport materials.

20. Explain why the alternation of generations is an adaptation for plants living on land.
The gametophyte and sporophyte have adaptations for different environmental conditions and provide more opportunities for adaptations. The gametophyte is more dependent on water as a medium for sperm travel.

21. How could you use the diagram to support the idea that Earth itself is a living organism (Gaia hypothesis)?
Answers will vary!
There is a progression from microscopic to macroscopic.

22. Based on Figure 6.1 on page 165, on what basis are plants classified?
Plants may be classified on the basis of the presence or absence of vascular tissue. Also, they can be classified according to their mode of reproduction.

23. Animals may be grouped according to whether they are vertebrates or invertebrates. Is this a useful classification? Why or why not?
Distinguishing on this basis has limited usefulness because vertebrates represent only 5% of the animal kingdom.

24. Based on your knowledge of the alternation of generations, which of the following life cycles A, B or C describes the condition found in:
a) non-vascular plants C
b) non-flowering vascular plants B
c) flowering plants A