1. Origin of Stereotypes: Where do they come from? Socio-cultural perspective Kernel of truth hypothesis Illusory correlations

2. Socio-Cultural Perspective nPremise: Individuals are socialized into a particular culture (e.g., media or significant others)

3. Socio-Cultural Perspective 1. People are born into a culture 2. People are rewarded/punished for their beliefs, values, behaviors 3. People act in accord with norms 4. People internalize norms 5. Internalization perpetuates the norms

4. Socio-Cultural Perspective Two versions of socio-cultural view: l Structuralist-Functionalist l Conflict theory

5. Structuralist- Functionalist Version A single culture accepted throughout a society

6. Structuralist- Functionalist Version Function of stereotypes: l communicate expected behavior l communicate how different people should be treated

7. Conflict Theory Version Multiple subcultures within society People accept norms of their subculture

8. Conflict Theory Version People within a subculture are similar People in different subcultures are different Differences between subcultures creates conflict

9. Conflict Theory Version Function of stereotypes: njustify prejudice

10. Kernel of Truth Hypothesis nPremise: Stereotypes are exaggerations that exist in some measure in a group

11. Kernel of Truth Hypothesis 1. The larger a real difference between groups, the more likely the attribute will be in the stereotype

12. Kernel of Truth Hypothesis 2. Stereotypes become more accurate as contact between groups increases

13. Kernel of Truth Hypothesis 3. Behaviors punished in one group but not in another tend to be in a stereotype

14. Kernel of Truth Hypothesis 4. Similar behaviors performed in different situations tend to be in stereotypes, but differ in favorableness We are loyal - They are clannish We are brave – They are aggressive We are thrifty – They are cheap

15. Kernel of Truth are not veridical are exaggerated are not genetic Perceived differences…

16. Illusory Correlations Perceive stronger relationship between two variables than actually exists

17. Illusory Correlations Associate group with attribute Cognitive biases “corroborate” the perceived association  confirmation biases  recall consistent information better

18. Models of Stereotype Change Bookkeeping Model Conversion Model Subtyping Model

19. Bookkeeping Model nEach instance of inconsistent information changes the stereotype Single instance = small change Accumulation = large change

20. Bookkeeping Model Prediction More inconsistent information leads to greater stereotype change

21. Conversion Model nLarge/salient instances of inconsistent information change the stereotype

22. Conversion Model Prediction Concentrated inconsistent information leads to more stereotype change

23. Subtyping Model nTypical instances of inconsistent information change the stereotype nRare instances of inconsistent information lead to subtypes

24. Subtyping Model Prediction Dispersed inconsistent information leads to more stereotype change

25. Stereotype Change Study Weber & Crocker (1983) Purpose: Tested the three models of stereotype change Procedure: l Given information about lawyers l Rated each lawyer on stereotypic traits

26. Manipulations Group size:  6 members  30 members Dispersion:  Dispersed  Concentrated Stereotype Change Study Weber & Crocker (1983)

27. Manipulations Amount:  Small: 6 inconsistent traits  Large: 30 inconsistent traits Pattern:  Dispersed  Concentrated Stereotype Change Study Weber & Crocker (1983)

28. Predictions More stereotype change when inconsistent information is: l large (bookkeeping) l concentrated (conversion) l dispersed (subtyping) Stereotype Change Study Weber & Crocker (1983)

31. Stereotype Maintenance Subtyping Model sSubtypes maintain stereotypes Cognitive Biases sBetter recall of stereotype-consistent information sConfirmation bias

32. Recall Study Cohen (1981) Procedures Video of a librarian Attributes did and did not match the stereotype Recalled target’s attributes

33. % recalled correctly Recall Study Cohen (1981)

34. Confirmation Biases in Hypothesis Testing Search for information that confirms one’s beliefs

35. Introverted- Extroverted Studies Snyder & Colleagues nIntroverted: “What factors make it hard for you to really open up to people?” nExtroverted: “What kind of situations do you seek out if you want to meet new people?”

36. Results Participants asked questions that that elicited confirming behavior from partner Introverted-Extroverted Studies Snyder & Colleagues