1. Europe 1920s and 1930s British Empire Egypt India

2. British Empire and Egypt

3. British Problems in Empire Parts of British Empire want to rule themselves Since 1882 British controlled Egypt Nationalist mov’t under Wafd Party 1922 Egypt declared independent

4. Ethiopia taken over by Italy! Egypt scared Sign Anglo- Egyptian Treaty *indepen dence to Egypt * British military bases in Egypt

5. Google Earth

6. As part of LoN Mandate, British Empire was to include a Zionist homeland in Palestine - home for Jews. Balfour Declaration promised this homeland. Strongly shapes British foreign policy. EXCEPT…… British had also promised to create an independent Arab nation… Tension b/w Arabs and Jews. Britain limits # of Jews to appease Arabs Then WWII comes & nothing gets resolved

7. British Empire and India

8. Living Like a Maharajah

9. Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s

10. Karachi, 1896

11. Rise of India Nationalism

12. The Indian National Congress   1885  The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay.  swaraj  “independence.” * the goal of the movement.

13. The Indian National Congress  but the mov’t is split between Hindu and Muslim Indians….  and the mov’t is divided on how to break away from the British Empire - is that a smart thing?  the mov’t is split on how to design the new independent India. Socialist? Democracy?

14. The Muslim League   1905  partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.  1906  creation of the Muslim League. Formed by Muslims suspicious of Hindu- majority Indian National Congress

15. Important Leaders Mohammed Ali Jinnah Mohandas Gandhi Jawaharlal Nehru

16. Mohammed Ali Jinnah 1876 - 1948 Originally supported Indian National Congress but became increasingly unhappy with discriminations against Muslims and would eventually call for a separate Muslim state….

17. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876 1869 - 1948

18. Gandhi with the London Vegetarian Society, 1890

19. Gandhi as a Young Barrister in Natal

20. Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. Africa Very successful in creating laws to protect Indians living in South Africa from discriminations

21. Gandhi Returned to India 1915 with goal of making India independent from England WWI raging and Gandhi supported British during the war w/ belief British would support Indian independence after WWI HE WAS WRONG 1919, near end of WWI, British troops attacked and killed hundreds of peaceful Indian protestors in town of Amritsar. This sparks the beginning of India’s nationalistic mov’t using civil disobedience

22. Salt March, 1930 Making Salt

23. Gandhi During World War II Gandhi again promised support to the Allies in exchange for a promise of independence But the English gov’t jailed Gandhi for most of the war After World War II, Gandhi was released and he began negotiating for an Indian independence Britain wanted divided lands - Muslim section - Pakistan and Hindu section - India Gandhi wants unified India

24. Gandhi Gandhi protests in peaceful ways for a unified country of India

25. Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu radical who was upset with the possibility of a unified India composed of Hindu and Muslim people

26. Gandhi and His Grandaughters, 1947

27. Last Viceroy of India Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

28. The Partition The Mountbatten Plan

29. Pre-Partition

30. Partition!

31. Jawaharlal Nehru 1889 - 1964

32. Jawaharlal Nehru Nehru is India’s 1st official prime minister after independence is declared in 1947 Seen as Gandhi’s heir in he followed the same beliefs and goals as Gandhi advocated many modern advances for women such as right to divorce