1. Bacteria
Bacteria are pro karyotes “first seed” (single cells that do not contain a nucleus, or membrane bound organelles).
Bacteria are microscopic and can only be seen through a microscope
There are 2 Domains of bacteria, Eubacteria and Archaea

2. Eubacteria “true bacteria”
Typical “monerans” found where humans live
Evolution of the 3 Domains
                        

3. Archaea “archaic/old” extremophiles
Methanogens
Thermophiles
Acidophiles
Halophiles
Alkaliphiles
Psychrophiles
Xerophiles
Barophiles
Archae vs Bacteria

4. Bacteria Characteristics
Bacteria are distinguished from other living things because of their cell structure:
All bacterial cells have a cell wall surrounding a cell membrane, inside of which lies the unbound nuclear matter and other material.

5. Bacteria have extra genomic DNA that is round and called a “plasmid”
Plasmid Cloning

6. Bacteria Classification
There are three types of bacterial cells, based on shape: spherical (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), and spiral (spirillum).

7. Coccus

8. Bacillus

9. Spirilla

10. Some bacteria have flagella for locomotion and some have pili to transfer DNA (conjugation) and to stick to substrates of host cells
Bacterial Chemotaxis

11. Gram Staining
The Gram stain is named after the 19th century Danish bacteriologist who developed it.
The bacterial cells are first stained with crystal violet. then treated with alcohol or acetone, whichwashes the stain out of gram-negative cells and then counterstained.
Bacteria that are not decolorized by the alcohol/acetone wash are gram-positive.
Gram Stain Animation

12. Gram +
Stains purple
Cell wall 90% peptidoglycan

13. Gram -
Stains red
Multi-layered cell wall with inner and outer membranes and an intermembrane space

14. Harmful Bacteria
A number of bacteria cause disease, these are called pathogenic bacteria.
They can cause diseases of plants, animals, fungi, protists and other bacteria
E. coli infection
Salmonella infection

16. Some bacterial diseases include: strep throat, scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, ear infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, Tuberculosis
Bacteria can also be used by some countries to harm other countries in an act called bioterrorism
Eczema w/ 2o infection

17. Helpful Bacteria
actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin
live symbiotically in the guts of animals
Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread
roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.

18. break down dead organic matter
of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old
used in genetic engineering
Bioremediation

22. Producers in Geothermal Vents

23. Reproduction Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission
Bacterial Conjugation (lateral/horizontal gene exchange)
Bacterial Transformation (lateral/horizontal gene exchange)
Bacteria life cycle

24. Response to the Environment
Intracellular signaling not only brings bacteria together in biofilms (through Quorum sensing A process by which a bacterium detects the density of other bacteria in an area), it also regulates the coordinated delivery of high doses of these antibiotics from the denser bacterial population.
Biofilm Life Cycle

25. Bacterial Links Bioterrorism: Bacterial Cell Walls:
10 Ways a World Will End: Monster Plague
Discovery of the Germ Theory
Antibiotics Tutorial
Anti-antibiotics/Efflux Pump
Immunology Primer
When Worlds Collide, Macro vs. Micro
Immuno- biology Animations