1. Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein

2. What are chromosomes? Where are they found? Chromosome Histones DNA double helix

3. What is a gene? A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.

4. Where do we get our genes? It’s all in the DNA, and it’s hereditary! It’s all in the DNA, and it’s hereditary! That means different combinations of genes from mom and dad make you and all your siblings! That means different combinations of genes from mom and dad make you and all your siblings!

5. Hydrogen bonds Nucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) DNA

6. AdenineGuanineCytosineThymine Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group DNA Nitrogen Base Nucleotide

7. What are the rules of BASE PAIRING? In a DNA molecule, every nitrogenous base is paired: In a DNA molecule, every nitrogenous base is paired: –Adenine pairs with Thymine –Guanine pairs with Cytosine –Thymine pairs with Adenine –Cytosine pairs with Guanine

8. RNA Serves as a messenger between the nucleus and the ribosomes. Serves as a messenger between the nucleus and the ribosomes. Carries information in order to make proteins from amino acids. Carries information in order to make proteins from amino acids.

9. RNA Structure A= Adenine A= Adenine G= Guanine G= Guanine C= Cytosine C= Cytosine U= Uracil U= Uracil Uracil replaces Thymine Uracil replaces Thymine Single stranded. Single stranded.

10. fromtoto make up Concept Map Section 12-3 also calledwhich functions toalso called which functions to can be RNA Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA mRNACarry instructions rRNA Combine with proteins tRNA Bring amino acids to ribosome DNARibosomeRibosomes Go to Section:

11. Review Fill in the missing nitrogen bases to make this DNA double-stranded. Fill in the missing nitrogen bases to make this DNA double-stranded. Use the green DNA strand as a template to transcribe RNA: Use the green DNA strand as a template to transcribe RNA:TAC-ACG-TCC-ATA-CAT-GGT-CCA-ATT ATG- -TAA

12. Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) Transcription

13. Transcription DNA is transcribed into RNA 1. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA and unzips it. 2. One strand of DNA is used as a template. 3. RNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to the template to make a single strand of RNA.

14. What does it mean to transcribe? To transcribe means to rewrite in a different script (lettering) To transcribe means to rewrite in a different script (lettering) Remember DNA consists of A, T, G, C Remember DNA consists of A, T, G, C RNA consists of A, U, G, C RNA consists of A, U, G, C

16. Transcription

17. Codons (Found on mRNA) Codons consist of three nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid Codons consist of three nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid Example: Example: –UCGCACGGU should be read as… –UCG-CAC-GGU which codes for –Serine-Histidine-Glycine

18. Anticodons (Found on tRNA) Anticodons consist of three unpaired nucleotides that are complementary to one mRNA codon Anticodons consist of three unpaired nucleotides that are complementary to one mRNA codon Functions to attach tRNA to mRNA so that amino acids can attach to one another Functions to attach tRNA to mRNA so that amino acids can attach to one another Example: Example: –(1) mRNA: UCG-CAC-GGU –(3) tRNA: AGC GUG CCA

19. TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

20. Translation 1. mRNA attaches to ribosome 2. tRNA brings amino acids to mRNA 3. Anticodons (on tRNA) bind to codons (on mRNA) starting at “start” codon, AUG 4. Ribosome joins the amino acids together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) until a “stop” codon is reached.

21. Translation

22. Translation cont.

23. Genetic Code