1. Waste Management 19
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Transforming New York’s Fresh Kills Landfill
Fresh Kills, on New York’s Staten Island, is the largest landfill in the world.
It closed in 2001, forcing New York City to find other places for its trash, at great expense to taxpayers.
Today the landfill is in the process of becoming a public park.
Talk About It Which should play a greater role in reducing the waste we generate—personal choices by consumers or government regulation?

3. Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
Of all the solid waste produced in the United States, 33.9% is made up of paper.

4. Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
What Is Waste?
Did You Know? The average American generates more than 4.5 pounds of trash per day.
Any unwanted material or substance that results from a human activity or process
Municipal solid waste: From homes and businesses
Industrial waste: Resulting from manufacturing, agriculture, and mining
Hazardous waste: Toxic, reactive, flammable, and corrosive
Wastewater: Includes used, discarded water and runoff

5. Methods of Solid Waste Disposal: Sanitary Landfills
Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal: Sanitary Landfills
Waste buried in the ground or carefully piled into mounds
Designed to prevent groundwater contamination and minimize soil and air pollution
Did You Know? Regulations require that landfills be at least 6 m above the water table.

6. Benefits and Costs of Landfills
Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
Benefits and Costs of Landfills
Benefits
Costs
Decomposition yields methane, which can be used like natural gas.
Leachate may eventually escape and contaminate the groundwater.
When full, landfills are capped. The land can be used for recreation.
Trash decomposes very slowly.
Few communities are willing to host landfills (NIMBY).
A power company in Hull, Massachusetts installed a large wind turbine on a site that had previously been a landfill.

7. Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
Incineration

8. Benefits and Cost of Incineration
Lesson 19.1 Municipal and Industrial Waste
Benefits and Cost of Incineration
Benefits
Costs
Incinerating waste reduces its weight by up to 75% and volume by up to 90%.
Toxic ash must be disposed of.
Heat from burning trash can be used to generate electricity (waste-to-energy).
Dioxins, heavy metals, and PCBs can be created and released by burning waste.
Toxic Substances Control Act Incinerator The only U.S. facility permitted to burn certain hazardous wastes

9. Lesson 19.2 Minimizing Solid Waste
In 2007, Americans recycled or composted nearly 1/3 of municipal solid waste, saving energy equivalent to 10 billion gallons of gas.

10. Waste Reduction Methods
Lesson 19.2 Minimizing Solid Waste
Waste Reduction Methods
Substitute disposable goods with reusable ones.
Donate unwanted items.
Minimize packaging.
Reduce use of nonbiodegradable plastic.
Design goods to last.
Use financial incentives such as “pay as you throw” garbage disposal and “bottle bills.”
Did You Know? States with “bottle bills” (consumers receive a refund per returned bottle or can) have reduced their beverage container litter by 69–84% and total litter by 30–64%.

11. Waste Recovery: Composting
Lesson 19.2 Minimizing Solid Waste
Waste Recovery: Composting
Conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus by decomposition
Currently 3800 municipal programs in the U.S.
Has many benefits, including soil enrichment
Did You Know? About 20% of U.S. waste is made up of organic material that could be composted.

12. Waste Recovery: Recycling
Lesson 19.2 Minimizing Solid Waste
Waste Recovery: Recycling
Collection and reprocessing of waste materials
Recycling rates among U.S. communities vary from 5 to 50%.
Many programs run at a financial loss, but that doesn’t take into account the effects of not recycling.

13. Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Common sources of hazardous waste include batteries, cleaning agents, paints, and pesticides.

14. What Is Hazardous Waste?
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
What Is Hazardous Waste?
Ignitable: Can catch fire
Corrosive: Can damage or destroy metals
Reactive: Chemically unstable; can explode or produce fumes when combined with water
Toxic: Harmful or fatal when inhaled, ingested, or touched

15. Sources of Hazardous Waste
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Sources of Hazardous Waste
Industry produces the most hazardous waste, but it is usually highly regulated.
Household hazardous waste is unregulated.
Did You Know? The average American home contains about 100 pounds of hazardous waste in different products.

16. Types of Hazardous Waste
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Types of Hazardous Waste
Organic compounds: Can act as mutagens, carcinogens, teratogens, and endocrine disruptors
Heavy metals: Many cause neurological damage over time.
E-waste: Contains heavy metals and toxic chemicals, but mostly treated as conventional solid waste
Did You Know? U.S. households threw out about 304 million electronic devices in 2005—most were still in working order.

17. Hazardous Waste Disposal
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Landfills: Specifically designed to keep hazardous waste contained
Surface impoundment: Liquid waste poured into shallow lined pits; water evaporates and solid waste is transported elsewhere
Deep-well injection (see diagram on right): Wastes injected into deep, confined porous rock layers

18. Radioactive Waste Waste that gives off harmful radiation
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Radioactive Waste
Waste that gives off harmful radiation
Low-level: Less harmful; produced by hospitals, labs, uranium mines
High-level: More harmful; produced by nuclear power plants
Difficult to dispose of safely due to long half-lives
Did You Know? As of March 2010, the Obama administration has ruled out Yucca Mountain for long-term storage of high-level radioactive waste.

19. Hazardous Waste Regulation
Lesson 19.3 Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Regulation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): Sets standards for hazardous waste management by states; requires industry to track hazardous material “cradle to grave”
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), or “Superfund” Act: Federal program for cleaning up sites polluted by hazardous waste; culprits held liable for damage caused by their pollution
Did You Know? As of 2007, 1354 of the 1569 Superfund sites have been cleaned up.