1. Lecture 7B APUSH – Unit 7 Chapters 20, 21, 22

2. “Cannon conquer, but they do not necessarily convert.” -Northern newspaper editor, c. 1865

3. To Recap … 1861: Lincoln’s inaugural, Fort Sumter, Bull Run I, First Confiscation Act 1862: McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign, Shiloh, CSA Conscription Act, Farragut captures New Orleans, Bull Run II, Antietam, Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation 1863: Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus nationwide, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, New York Draft Riots

4. Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863

5. Vicksburg July 4, 1863

6. The Election of 1864

9. Grant takes command March, 1864 Lincoln’s general commits to a policy of attrition.

10. Sherman in Georgia and the March to the Sea, 1864 -And on through South Carolina, January-March, 1865

11. Appomattox Courthouse Grant takes Richmond – April 3, 1865 Lee surrenders April 9, 1865

12. American women in the Civil War Clara Barton Dr. Mary E. Walker Mary Tippee Rose Greenlow Bell Boyd Elizabeth Van Lew

14. Under the surgeon’s knife – or saw

15. Andersonville The notorious POW camp in Georgia. 3,000 prisoners died every month by August 1864 (out of a total of 32,000 prisoners).

16. Technological innovations

17. Civil War Numbers Total death count: 360,000 Union soldiers, 260,000 Confederate soldiers Southern states lost 60% of their wealth In 1863, the U.S. government estimated that the war cost $2.5 million per day. A final official estimate in 1879 totaled $6,190,000,000. The Confederacy spent $2,099,808,707. By 1906, the U.S. government had spent an additional $3.3 billion on veterans of the Civil War.

18. Overall Impact of the Civil War on the U.S. First “modern” war for the U.S. New technology, new military tactics, new problems and solutions. Changed the nation’s conception of itself. People became citizens of the U.S. first, of states second. Note change of meaning of “United States” – from plural to singular. Centralization of the national government. With southerners out of Congress, Congress was able to pass national legislation concerning internal improvements, centralization of finances, government support of industry, etc. Once the move was made, there was no going back, even after southern states rejoined the union. An embittered South. This would be a problem for more than a century. Though slavery ended, racism and segregation would persist.

19. U.S. Congressional Legislation Passed During the Civil War Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 – raised tariff rates to increase revenue for the federal government and to protect U.S. manufacturers. Helped industrialists. Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 - established federal government funding of a transcontinental rail line from Omaha to San Francisco; also included significant federal land grants to railroads. Legal Tender Act of 1862 – made greenbacks official tender; paper money assumed a more secure place in the U.S. economy. Homestead Act of 1862 - promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm the land for at least five years. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 – encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. Spurred the growth of large state universities in the Midwest and West (e.g., Purdue, Michigan State, Iowa State, etc.)

20. The Thirteenth Amendment "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Ratified by the required number of states on December 5, 1865

21. Reconstruction “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” - Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural, March 4, 1865

22. Questions in the Aftermath of War Should Confederate leaders be tried for treason? How should new governments in the South be formed? How and at whose expense was the South’s economy to be rebuilt? What was to be done with the freed slaves? Should they be given land? Social equality? Education? Voting rights?

23. Three Phases of Reconstruction 1863-1866 – Presidential Reconstruction 1867-1872 – Congressional Reconstruction 1872-1877 – Decline and End of Reconstruction

24. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

25. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Rebel state could form a Union government when 10% of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and the Union and received a presidential pardon Certain southerners were excluded: Confederate government officials and military officers, and former U.S. military officers who left their posts to join the Confederacy

26. Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln gives it a pocket veto and infuriates the Radical Republicans

27. Congress creates the Freedman’s Bureau, in March 1865 A temporary relief agency that would only go so far …

28. The President is Assassinated Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 “Now he belongs to the ages.” - Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

29. President Andrew Johnson The vice president, a self-made man from Tennessee, moves into the White House, and takes up the task of Reconstruction

30. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Continued the general direction of Lincoln’s plan Adhered strictly to the U.S. Constitution Added Proclamation of Amnesty Southerners excluded if their taxable property was worth more than $20,000, but allowed “special application” to president for a pardon Issued edicts establishing Unionist native governors in several southern states, and granted them power to call state conventions Omitted Lincoln’s 10% requirement Conventions to abolish slavery, invalidate secession ordinances, and repudiate all debts to the Confederacy

31. “Damn the negroes – I am fighting those traitorous aristocrats, their masters.” - Andrew Johnson, c. 1864

32. Black Codes Southern state governments sought to keep a cheap labor source

33. Republicans get Radical President Johnson faces a congressional challenge to his reconstruction policies in 1866

34. The Fourteenth Amendment Congress removes any and all doubt about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

35. Four Principles Defined and affirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the U.S. Forbade any state to abridge the “privileges and immunities” of citizens Forbade any state to deprive any person of life, liberty or property without “due process of law” Forbade any state to deny any person “the equal protection of the laws”

36. “Give my regards to the dead dog in the White House.” -The Governor of Tennessee’s remark upon his state’s ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the first state in the nation to do so. c. 1866-1868

37. Congressional Reconstruction A Republican-controlled Congress pushes President Johnson aside, 1867-1872

38. Radical Republicans Congressman Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner (who was beaten by “Bully Brooks” before the war) led Congressional Reconstruction

39. Key Legislation in 1867 Military Reconstruction Act Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act

41. African Americans dominate the southern Republican party

42. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

43. Emergence of the Ku Klux Klan

45. The Force Acts In 1870 and 1871, Congress passes legislation, written by Congressman B. F. Butler, to stop the KKK and intimidation in the South.

46. Impeaching the President Outraged Republicans seek to remove Johnson from office in 1868

47. The Fifteenth Amendment “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” - Ratified on February 3, 1870

48. Legacies of Reconstruction Deep resentment, steady and persistent erosion of African American rights, reestablishment of the Southern Democrats, economic recession, and Jim Crow

49. “Lincoln got the praise for freeing us, but did he do it? He give us freedom without giving us any chance to live to ourselves and we still had to depend on the southern white man for work, food, and clothing, and he held us through our necessity and want in a state of servitude but little better than slavery.” -Freed slave, born in Orange County, North Carolina, looking back many years after Reconstruction

50. The Russians offer a deal … that Secretary of State William Seward couldn’t pass up. The U.S. buys Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867.