1. I. Plant Structure and Growth (CHAPTER 35)
Cells
Organism
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Single layer, tightly packed “skin”, cuticle
1. Epidermis
1. Dermal Tissues
Thick, 2ary walls support, dead
1. Stems
Sclerenchyma
Protection and absorption
Support
a.Fibers
Support, long slender, hemp (rope), flax (linen)
Shoot
b.Sclereids
Short, irregular, clumped, (nutshells, pear grittiness)
2. Leaves
Above ground
Photosynthesis
2. Vascular Tissues
2.Xylem
Transport water & support, thick 2ary walls, pits, dead
3. Flowers
a.Vessels
Transport & Support
Big, hollow, thick, ringed
Reproduction
b.Tracheids
Thin, tapered ends
1. Tap roots
3. Phloem
Transport Food
Root
a. Sieve tubes
Storage
Living, but lacks many organelles, pores, conducting, sieve plates
Below ground
2. Fibrous roots
3. Ground Tissues
b. Companion cells
Absorption
Regulates sieve tubes, has nuclei and ribosomes
“Filler”, “juicy storage”, support, metabolism, repair
1. Parenchyma
1. Embryonic
Thin walled, “juicy” , photosynthesis, storage, “totipotent”, repair, living
-Undifferentiated, in restricted zones
-Apical (buds & root tips) – primary growth, all plants
-Cambium (vascular & cork) – secondary growth, only woody plants
4. Meristematic Tissues
2. Collenchyma
Thicker, uneven, support, elongate," juicy”, living
Cell Division

2. II. Growth in Plants
A. Primary Growth: The initial lengthening process
Location: Apical Meristems of the root and bud
Steps
1. Cell Division
Quiescent Center contains undifferentiated cell supply
Protoderm  dermal tissue
Procambium  vascular tissue
Ground Meristem  ground tissues
2. Cell elongation
a) Cells take in water by osmosis
b) Primary cell walls are stretched (10X)
3. Cell maturation
Cell differentiate and become functional
Secondary cell walls form

3. B. Secondary Growth: Growth in diameter
1. “Pericycle”
2. Vascular Cambium
3. Cork Cambium
Location: The lateral meristems
1. Roots
a. Secondary roots initiated by pericycle
b. Diameter growth in a root eventually becomes identical to a stem
2. Stems
a. The Procambium forms the vascular cambium forming xylem and phloem
b. Secondary xylem is formed to the inside of vascular cambium
c. Secondary phloem is formed to the outside of the vascular cambium
3. “Bark”
The cork cambium forms the cork (outer bark)

4. THE END

5. Monocots
(Eu)Dicots
Slide 1

6. The Three Major Tissue Groups
All plant organs contain the 3 different plant tissues
Slide 1

7. Xylem Cells
Slide 1

8. Phloem Cells
Slide 1

9. Parenchyma Cells Note: Thin cell walls Starch storage bodies
Large vacuoles “juicy”
Slide 1

10. Collenchyma Cells Note: Hollow, Irregular “Juicy” with large vacuoles
Thicker walls as compared to Parenchyma
Slide 1

11. Xylem Vessels Note: Continuous “cells” Ringed support
Thick secondary walls with lignin
Slide 1

12. Location of Embryonic Tissue
Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium
Slide 1

13. The General Structure of a Flowering Plant
Slide 1

14. Fiber Sclerenchyma Note: 1. Compact cells 2. Thick cells walls
3. Found in vascular bundles
Slide 1

15. Sclereid Sclerenchyma
Note:
Irregular shaped cells
Very thick cell walls
(Stone cells extracted from pear pulp)
Slide 1

16. Secondary Growth of Stems
Slide 3

17. Secondary Root Formation in a Root
Epidermis
Old Xylem
New Xylem
New Secondary Root
Pericycle
Slide 3

18. Distribution of Xylem and Phloem by the Vascular Cambium
C = Cambium cell X = Xylem Cell
D = Differentiation initial cell P = Phloem Cell
Outer Layer
Inner Layer
Slide 3

19. The Anatomy of a Tree Trunk
Note:
The bark contains all part outside of the vascular cambium including the phloem
2. The Periderm contains the cork cambium and the cork
Xylem “wood”
Slide 3

20. First in Division Second in State
Academic Decathlon
First in Division Second in State
Slide 1