1. Independence Movements Unit 15

2. I. African Nations A.All but two African nations had been European colonies 1.Scramble for Africa B.Several things led to independence movements: 1.Harsh colonial treatment 2.Seeing nations created after WWI 3.Fighting during WWII

3. I. African Nations C.Ghana 1.1 st sub-Saharan nation to get independence 2.Changed name from Gold Coast (European influence) to Ghana (old African empire) D.Kenya 1.Armed struggle between Kikuyu and white settlers 2.Became independent in 1963

4. I. African Nations E.Zaire 1.Belgium wanted to keep it’s colony a)Didn’t prepare the colony independence 2.Once given independence a huge civil war broke out 3.A military dictator took over a)Supported by US b/c he was anti-communist 4.Unrest in Rwanda spread and new leadership came in a)Renamed Democratic Republic of Congo b)Civil war 1 year later

5. II. Republic of South Africa A.Had been a Dutch and then British colony B.Had gotten self-rule in 1910 1.Freedoms were only for whites (<20%) 2.Gov’t was “whites only” C.Created apartheid 1.Legal and cultural segregation 2.Registered as Black, White, Colored, or Asian

6. II. Republic of South Africa D.Non-whites were mistreated and assigned to homelands 1.Certain areas they had to live in and couldn’t leave E.The African National Congress (ANC) began to protest. 1.Leaders and members are imprisoned 2.Nelson Mandela uses civil disobedience and is jailed a)Spent 27 years in jail

7. II. Republic of South Africa F.In the 1980s the world begins to look down on apartheid & South Africa 1.International boycotts 2.South Africa is banned from the Olympics G.In 1985, F.W. deKlerk, the new president began reforms 1.Abandoned apartheid 2.Lifted ban on ANC 3.Freed Mandela

8. II. Republic of South Africa H.deKlerk and Mandela work for 4 years to reform the country 1.Mandela is elected president in the first truly free elections

9. III. India A.Was a British colony for a long time 1.Sepoy Rebellion led to cries for independence 2.Indians fought in WWI a)GB promised more self-rule b)Nationalist leaders emerged 3.Indians fought in WWII

10. III. India B.Mohandas Gandhi 1.Studied law in GB and moved to South Africa a)Helped with racism there 2.Moved back to India a)Used Hindu ideals, non- violence, and civil disobedience 1)Purposefully breaking an unfair/unjust law i.Indians should weave their own cloth instead of buying British cloth

11. III. India C.Salt March 1.GB had a salt monopoly a)It was illegal for Indians to get salt from the ocean 2.Gandhi led thousands of followers 240 miles to the ocean a)Picked up salt b)Was arrested along w/thousands of others c)Used hunger strikes to bring attention to India’s issues

12. III. India D.Hindus v Muslims 1.Muslims worried about being in a nation with a huge Hindu majority 2.Muslim League is formed to ask for a new Muslim state a)To be called Pakistan 3.In 1947, GB gave independence a)2 nations are created 1)India (Hindu) 2)Pakistan (Muslim) had 2 parts i.East Pakistan became Bangladesh later 4.They now have nukes aimed at each other

13. IV. Israel A.The horrors of the Holocaust led many to support a Jewish homeland B.The United Nations planned to partition Palestine 1.One Arab nation 2.One Jewish nation 3.Jews said yes 4.Arabs said no

14. IV. Israel C.Israel began in 1948 1.US and USSR recognized it 2.All of the Arab neighbors attacked 3.Israel defeated them and added land D.Gov’t built towns, provided services, invested in industry and agriculture

15. IV. Israel E.Six Day War (1967) 1.Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon attack 2.Israel defeats them all and gains significant amount of land

16. IV. Israel E.Munich Olympics (1972) 1.Arab group known as Black September kidnap and kill 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team

17. IV. Israel E.Yom Kippur War (1973) 1.Syria and Egypt attacked 2.Defeated with US aid

18. IV. Israel H.Palestinians still are w/o a nation 1.Three groups emerge for Palestinian rights: a)Hamas 1)Very militant b)Hezbollah 1)Uses terrorism c)Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 1)The group most likely to use peaceful relations w/Israel 2)The only group Israel actually talks to