1. Chapter 3 BLOOD 返回目录

2. 1.Transportation O 2 and CO 2 nutrients(glucose, lipids, amino acida) waste products(e.g. metabolites) 2. Homeostasis Regulation hormones pH(buffer pairs) body temperature 3. Protection blood coagulation Immunity functions of blood

3. Key points in this chapter: 1.the formation and roles of the osmotic pressure of plasma. 2.the functions of erythrocytes and the factors that effect the production of erythrocytes. 3.functions of leukocytes. 4.the characteristics of platelets and the functions of platelets in the physiological hemostasis. 5.intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. 6.the anticoagulative functions of antithrombin Ⅲ, heparin. 7.fibrinolysis and diagram the fibrinolytic system homeostasis

4. 1.Components and Physicochemical Properties of Blood

5. 1.1 Components of blood Blood Blood cells （ 45 ％） WBC RBC PLT Plasma （ 55 ％） Water （ 91 ％ of plasma ） Inorganic constituents (1% of plasma) e.g. ions:Na +, Cl -, K +, Ca 2+ Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins Organic constituents Protein albumin （ A ） globulin （ G ） fibrinogen （ F ） Waste products e.g. urea Dissolved gases O 2, CO 2

6. Hematocrit （红细胞比容） The volume of red bolld cells as a percentage of centrifuged whole blood. M:40%~60%, F:37%~48%,

7. Blood Volume Blood volume equal approximately to 7%- 8% of body weight. e.g. a person weigh 70kg, then blood volume is 4.9L, if take the hematocrit to be 45% erythrocyte volume=0.45×4.9L=2.2L plasma volume=4.9L-2.2L=2.7L

8. 1.2 Physical and chemical properties of blood 1.2.1specific gravity of blood »Depending on hematocrit and protein composition »Whole blood:1.050-1.060 »Plasma:1.025-1.035 »Red blood cells:1.090

9. 1.2.2.Viscosity of blood Relative viscosity of whole blood 4-5depending on hematocrit Relative viscosity of plasma 1.6-2.4 related to the protein composition of the plasma

10. 1.2.3. Osmotic pressure of plasma the pressure that must be applied to the plasma to prevent the net flow of water into the plasma is termed the osmotic pressure. (300mmol/L=5330mmHg) （ Fig. ） Fig The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the number of solute particles in the solution, not on their chemical composition and size.

11. Osmotic pressure of plasma

12. Crystalloid osmotic pressure concept: Pressure gengrated by all crystal substances, particularly NaCl. role ： role ： Important in maintaining fluid balance across cell membranes

13. Colloid osmotic pressure concept:pressure generated by plasma proteins, particularly albumin role ： Approximately 25 mmHg, but important in fluid transfer across capillaries

14. 1.2.4.Plasma pH Normal range: 7.35-7.45 Buffer systems in blood NaHCO 3 /H 2 CO 3 Na 2 HPO 4 /NaH 2 PO 4 Pro-Na/Pro Hb Lung and kidney Fig

15. 2. Physiology of blood cells

16. 2.1 Red blood cells(erythrocytes) 2.1.1 Count RBCcount M: (4.0~5.5) ×10 12 /L W: (3.8~4.6) ×10 12 /L Hemoglobin concentration M: 120~160g/L W: 110~150g/L

17. 2.1 Red blood cells(erythrocytes) Morphology Biconcave discs Without a nucleus

18. 2.1.2 RBC function ① transport O 2 、 CO 2 O 2 、 CO 2 ② buffering Hb+H + =HHb

19. 2.1.3 Production of RBC (1)Nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis Many vitamins, minerals, and proteins iron folic acid, VitB 12 intrinsic factor anemia 红细胞成熟因子 合成原料

20. *erythropoietin(EPO) *androgen 促红细胞生成素 雄激素 (2) Regulation of erythropoiesis 在哪生成 ？

21. 2.2 White blood cells (Leucocytes) 2.2.1 Types of WBC

22. WBC count Granulocytes Neutrophils 2.0 ～ 7.0 50 ～ 70 Eosinophils 0 ～ 0.5 1 ～ 5 Basophils 0 ～ 0.1 0 ～ 1 Monocytes 0.1 ～ 0.8 1 ～ 8 Lymphocytes 0.8 ～ 4.0 20 ～ 40 WBC Count(×10 9 /L) % Total 4 ～ 10

23. 2.2.2 WBC function 1) neutrophil ① protect the body against invading organisms ② eliminate immune complex, dead tissues, aged RBC piapedesis phagocytosispiapedesis 游走性

24. 2) basophil ① release heparin ( 肝素 ) ② release histamine allergic reaction contain granules 组织胺

25. 3) eosinophil ① restrict allergic reaction induced by basophil and mast cell a. produce PGE, that inhibit active substance released from basophil b. engulf granules released from basophil c. release histaminase ② antagonize parasites

26. 4) monocyte-macrophage ① engulf invading organisms ② eliminate immune complex, dead tissues ③ recognise and kill tumour cell ④ activate lymphocyte ⑤ release cytokines

27. 5) lymphocyte T lymphocyte B lymphocyte Immune function

28. 2.3 Platelets(thrombocytes) Normal value(100-300) ×10 9 /L Play an important role in hemostasis( 止血）

29. 2.3.1 Physiological properties of platelet (1)Adhesion （粘附） Platelets adhere to the vessel wall at the site of injury

30. (2)Aggregation （聚集） Platelets adhere to one another 纤维蛋白原或 血管血友病因子 （ vWF)

31. Inducers of platelet aggregation ADP low dose 1st reversible phase high dose 2nd irreversible phase Thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) Collagen Thrombin 血栓烷素 A 2 胶原 凝血酶 阿斯匹林 -

32. (3)Release