2. ENERGETICS – (pp. 59 – 63, Figures 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 in Knauss) Visible light energy, from the sun, is absorbed by the earth system This occurs in the 0.4 to 0.7  m wavelength range The earth system looses energy by emitting infrared radiation This occurs in the 1 to 50 μm wavelength range Globally, there is a balance between the radiative input and output Locally, imbalances exist between solar input and longwave output Local input/output imbalance imply transport of heat poleward Both atmospheric and oceanic flows carry heat poleward

6. WATER – from Life’s Matrix by Philip Ball Water is exceptional in many ways: agent of geological, environmental and global change only liquid in abundance on the planet All phase transitions (ice->liquid->vapor) occur on Earth Examples of water's exceptional properties large specific heat capacity relative to comparable materials large latent heat of vaporization, melting and sublimation dissolves both organic and inorganic materials dissolves gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) the density of ice is less than that of liquid water liquid water exhibits density maximum at 4 o C

8. From Life’s Matrix by Philip Ball Seawater evaporates when the relative humidity of the overlying atmosphere is less than 100%. RH<100% is common in the atmosphere Typically, the energy required for evaporation comes, indirectly, from the sun. If the solar energy is not available, the liquid cools as it is "forced" to evaporate by being in contact with subsaturated air Evaporation increases the salinity of sea water.

9. THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE – from Life’s Matrix by Philip Ball The water substance is cycled through the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the cryosphere On land, precipitation is apportioned into runoff and evaporation. Surprisingly, evaporation typically dominates over runoff. So roughly, precipitation = evaporation = 1 meter per year = 1000 kg m -2 year -1

11. Water is the solvent of marine biogeochemistry 1) CO 2 from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater and is the carbon source for photosynthesis 2) Plankton (producers) are consumed by grazers, both die and settle 3) Dead producers and grazers are consumed by bacteria 4) Bacterial degredation produces inorganic nutrients (mineralization) 5) Most nutrients are soluble in sea water 6) Upwelling returns the nutrients to the surface

13. WATER MASSES – Chapter 1 Knauss Wind driven oceanic currents tend to be circular and thus confine sea water into identifiable water masses Also called gyres, these water-confining oceanic circulations are maintained by atmospheric motion Confinement is not perfect but helps to delineate water masses

15. Vertical motion (upwelling and downwelling) also occurs At the scale of an ocean basin, sea water moves vertically along constant water density surfaces called isopycnals From measurements of sea water properties at depth (i.e., pressure, temperature and salinity), properties in the water can be calculated and the source region can be estimated Table A3.1 Assumptions: 1) no mixing during transit from source region 2) no heating during transit from source region

16. PolarEquatorialPolar Note: Sea water at 2000 db (~2000 m depth) and T=0.109 C, has a temperature of ~0.00 C if brought the surface (this cooling results from adiabatic expansion)

17. Horizontal and vertical motion at the global scale is manifested as a thermalhaline or conveyer-belt circulation