1. 1918 A Bitter Peace The Fighting stops BUT does the War End?

2.  Victors – Great Britain – France – United States – Italy – Belgium – Portugal Difficulty in Making Peace  Directly Defeated – Germany – Austria-Hungary – Ottoman Empire – Bulgaria  Indirectly Defeated – Russia

3. Major Personalities Georges Clemenceau “The Tiger” Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George “squeeze the orange until the pips squeak” Italy: Vittorio Orlando

4. Germany defeated…  Sept. 1918: Germany’s defeat  Armistice negotiated btw. French, Americans, Germans Oct-Nov.11, 1918  Nov. 9, 1918 Wilhelm II abdicates – flees to Holland Kaiser Wilhelm II Abdicates 11/9/18 Ferdinand Foch – Allied Supreme Commander

6. German Republic Declared  Nov. 11, 1918: Friedrich Ebert declares German Republic and acceptance of armistice  Period of political and social chaos ensues

7. Spartacus Group  Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg - failed communist coup in Berlin – Marxist socialist group, unhappy with revisionist beliefs of German Social Democratic Party – Ultimately executed for their actions

8. General Results of Paris Treaties, 1919-1920  The beginning of the end of 19 th century imperialism…  Total number dead - over 9 million – France 1,500,000Britain 1,000,000 – Italy 500,000US 116,708 – Russia 1,700,000Germany 2,000,000 – Austria 1,250,000  A peace…made in quicksand (see Treaty of Versailles, pg. 90-91 of APEH Book 2 workbook)

9. Versailles: a difficult peace  January 1919 – Paris – US, France, Great Britain, (Italy) +23 others – No Germany or Russia  The fight begins: – France: desire to punish Germany Demilitarized Rhineland as buffer state – Woodrow Wilson: desire for “Peace without Victors” League of Nations (Jan 25, 1919); “open covenants of peace”, reduction of armaments; self-determination – GB: prevent France’s “buffer state”; make Germans pay $$  In the End = Paris Treaties – 5 sep. treaties w/ G, Au, Hu, Bu & OE

10. Specific Results  Results: Germany is blamed for the war (Article 231 War Guilt Clause)Article 231 War Guilt Clause – Army can be no bigger than 100,000 – Reparations: for causing war - $5 bill. yearly till 1921 – Navy to be no larger than 24 ships – no subs – No new developments in air force – Demilitarize the Rhine area (but not a buffer state) – Lost 27,500 square miles of land to the League of Nations (Alsace Lorraine, part of Prussia)  New nations—imperialism continues – Austria/Hungary: Austria / Hungary / Czechoslovakia / Romania / Poland / Yugoslavia – “Polish Corridor” to Baltic – France: Lebanon / Syria – GB: Iraq / Palestine (w/Jewish Nat'l. home) – Japan: Germany’s holdings in China

11. War Guilt Clause, Article 231  "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

13. Birth of Secular Turkish State  Oct. 30, 1918 – OE withdrawn from WWI  1920 treaty = dissolution of OE; British and French mandates – Britain = Iraq / Palestine (w/Jewish Nat'l. home, see Balfour Declaration, 1917) – France = Syria and Lebanon  Rise of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) – 1923 Treaty of Lausanne = Republic of Turkey – modernization period begins

15. Impact of WWI on Imperialism  Establishment of Mandates – Countries would administer a territory on behalf of the League of Nations. But what about self-determination? (see question 12a)  Colonial Participation (see question12b)  Future Colonial Relations (see 12c)

16. John Maynard Keynes  “The day is not far off when the economic problem will take the back seat where it belongs, and the arena of the heart and the head will be occupied or reoccupied, by our real problems / the problems of life and of human relations, of creation and behavior and religion.”  True or False: Keynes believed that in times of great economic depression governments need to spend more money, in order to encourage employment stimulate the production and consumption of goods, thereby stimulating the (inter)national economy.  What is so radical about this idea?

17. To what is Kagan referring,  when he claims “the greatness weakness of the peace was its failure to accept reality”  by “the only hope for a lasting peace” In Flanders Fields by John MacRae In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. Published Dec. 1915 in Punch