1. The Mechanism of Breathing

4. The Mechanism of Ventilation
Inhalation
Exhalation
Intercostal muscles &
diaphragm muscles
Contract
Relax
Move upwards & outwards
Move downwards & inwards
Rib Cage
Diaphragm
Flattened
Dome-shaped
Chest Volume
Increases
Decreases
Lower than
atmosphere
Higher than
atmosphere
Air pressure in lungs
Results in…
Air rushing in
Air rushing out

9. Diseases & Disorders of Respiratory System
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Infections
Sleep Apnea (Irregular breathing during sleep)
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Bradypnea (abnormally low breathing rate < 12/min)
Tachypnea (abnormally fast breathing rate > 20/min)
Pleural Effusions
Genetic disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Lung cancer

10. COPD Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema (Degenerative disease)
bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
mucolytics, bronchodilators
Chronic Bronchitis
mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
Emphysema (Degenerative disease)
barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

12. Infections Influenza (flu) Common Cold Pneumonia
Acute infectious respiratory disease
Virus
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia
Avoid aspirin in children
Common Cold
Milder symptoms of flu
Pneumonia
Bacteria
Cough with sputum production, fever, and sharp chest pain

13. Pleural Effusions Excess fluid in pleural cavity
associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
diagnosis
auscultation, percussion
Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax
thoracentesis

14. Tuberculosis Infectious, highly communicable disease
aerosol transmission
primary tuberculosis, tubercles
immunocompromised
effects other organ systems
drug resistant strains

15. Bronchopneumonia Inflammatory disease of lungs lobar, bilateral
hemoptyisis
consolidation
Pneumocystis carinii
lavage

16. Cystic Fibrosis Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
systemic involvement
lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
Gas exchange impaired

17. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance)
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)
Adult respiratory distress syndrome

18. Oncology Primary Pulmonary Cancer
Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS
common site: epithelium of bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
masses form and block air passages
metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

19. Interaction of respiratory and other systems
Loading of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) requires
blood transport and specilaized functions
of red blood cells
Utilization and regulation of voluntary muscles
Sensitivity to pH (acidosis, alkalosis)
Response to exercise?
Response to high altitude?