1. نام درس: زبانشناسی مقابله ای پایه: ارشد رشته: آموزش زبان انگلیسی ارزش درس: 2 واحد منبع: کتابهای زیر
1. James, Carl. (1980). Contrastive Analysis. Longman Publications,
2. Richards, Jack C. (1972). Contrastive Analysis. Oxford University Press.
تهیه کننده: دکتر مسعود راعی شریف
گروه زبانشناسی و زبان انگلیسی دانشگاه پیام نور

2. اهداف کلی درس: هدف عمده این درس در پایه ارشد آموزش و گسترش تواناییهای دانشجویان در زمینه پژوهش میان دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی می باشد. دانشجویان می بایست بیاموزند چه نکات ساختاری، واژگانی، گویشی و ... میان دو زبان انگلیسی و پارسی شباهت دارند و چه نکاتی متفاوت هستند. سپس با یافتن این شباهتها و تفاوتها آنها خواهند دانست بر روی چه نکاتی بیشتر و یا کمتر توجه کنند. اغلب تصور می رود که شباهتها به یادگیری زبان کمک می کنند اما تئوریهایی هست که این نظریه را رد می کند. این درس پایه ریز اصلی پایان نامه های دانشجویان است چرا که هدف ما از این رشته اینست که با آگاهی از تفاوتها و شباهتهای دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی یادگیری زبان انگلیسی را آسانتر سازیم. در واقع تفاوت میان رشته آموزش زبان که از آن به عنوان زبانشناسی کاربردی یاد می شود با زبانشناسی محض همین درس است.

3. جایگاه درس در میان دیگر دروس این رشته: تنها این درس است که چگونگی انجام یک پژوهش تطبیقی را میان دو زبان پارسی و انگلیسی آموزش می دهد. دانشجویان نیاز دارند که بدانند پژوهش پایان نامه خود را بر روی چه نکاتی انجام دهند، چگونه آنرا به مطالعات پیشین پیوند دهند و در همان حال چگونه کار خود را متمایز و منحصر به فرد سازند. شایان گفتن است که نباید این درس را با دو درس روش تحقیق یک و دو اشتباه گرفت چرا که آن دو درس زمینه ها و شیوه کار را فراهم می آورند و به ساختار مطالعه می پردازند در حالیکه این درس به محتوای مطالعه می پردازد. به عبارت دیگر اگر دروس روش تحقیق یک و دو به دانشجو می گویند چگونه پایان نامه بنویسد این درس به دانشجو می گوید پایان نامه خود را در باره چه بنویسد.

4. Guidelines Dear students: you are supposed to do the following:
Provide a PowerPoint with this format in the fomr of questions and answers
Questions must appear in the red format above.
Answers must appear in the format below (that’s this format)
No spelling or grammatical errors.
the number of words per slide must not exceed 30, if more break it to a new slide.
Include headers and footers mentioning chapter number and slide number.
Deadline is May 16, 12 AM.

5. For Master Students of English at Payam-e Noor University
Contrastive Analysis Source: Carl James Prepared by: Dr Masoud Raee Sharif
For Master Students of English at Payam-e Noor University
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

6. Which one is a broad approach to linguistics?
Generalists and particularists

7. What are generalists interested in?
Human language in general

8. What are particularists interested in?
Specific instances of human language

9. Between synchronic and diachronic, which approach looks at the static side of language?

10. Between synchronic and diachronic, which approach looks at the evolutionary aspect of language?

11. What is interlanguage study interested in?
The emergence of language rather than its finished product

12. Does CA belong to interlanguage study?
Yes

13. Which one includes the other: interlanguage study or CA?

14. What are the three branches of interlingual linguistics?
Translation theory, error analysis, contrastive analysis

15. What is societal bilingualism?
Bilingualism at large (the level of society)

16. What is individual bilingualism?
Bilingualism at the level of individuals

17. What is incipient bilingualism?
Elementary bilingualism

18. What is extant bilingualism?
Advanced bilingualism (bilinguals)

19. What is the difference between transfer and interference?
Positive, negative

20. What does parole mean?
Performance

21. What does langue mean?
Competence

22. Which branches does CA draw upon?
A hybrid of Linguistics and psychology

23. Is Carl James concerned with applied or theoretical CA?

24. Discuss the difference between the Interference theory and the ignorance hypothesis with view of their assumption of the source of errors?
Interference says the source of errors is 1st language whereas ignorance hypothesis attributes it to ignorance or lack of knowledge for the correct structure in the target language.

25. Does Carl James believe in the study of CA from a cognitive perspective?No

26. Does a CAnalyst need to become a psycholinguist?No

27. What is the goal of CA?
Psychology

28. What is the means of CA?
Linguistics

29. What is interlingual level shift?
State where a lexical distinction in one language is expressed through another, say grammatical level in another language.

30. What is interlingual rank shift?
When a say clausal distinction in one language is expressed through a phrasal distinction in another.

31. Which five processes are at work in L2 acquisition?
L1 transfer, transfer of training from L2, overgeneralization of L2 rules, strategies of communication, strategies of L2 learning.

32. Is microlinguistics the theoretical aspect of CA?
No it is the practical aspect

33. Are transfer rules directional?
Yes

34. Are grammatical rules directional?No

35. What are the three important approaches to phonetics?
Articulatory, acoustic, auditory

36. What does selectional restrictions mean?
That certain combinations are possible in a language but not the others.

37. What is phonotactics?
combination of sounds, or restrictions as to the co-occurrence of sounds

38. What is taxonomic phonology?
It is the approach that sets out phoneme settings, combinatorial possibilities of phonemes (phonotactics) and non-distinctive variations of these units in different languages.

39. What is the basic assumption of generative phonology?
That the surface structure of an utterance is derived from deep structure.

40. What constitutes the tertium comparationis of generative phonology?
Distinctive features

41. What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Linguistic determinism, that different language communities have different interpretations of the same reality (since language determines our perception of reality)

42. What information does a lexical entry contain?
Morphological specification, syntactic specification, semantic specification

43. What does verba dicendi include?
A notional class of verbs

44. What is hyponymy?
Coordinate or sisterhood relationship between words of the same level

45. What is selectional restrictions?
Regulations and limitations as to the lexemes that can co-occur.

46. Which term is code linguistics synonymous to?
Microlinguistics

47. What other aspect of language other than knowledge of the code is necessary for communication?
Sensitivity

48. How does the simple formula that expresses the six Hymesian variables read?
Who says what to whom, where and when , how and why

49. What are the two areas of study in macrolinguistics?
Text analysis, discourse analysis

50. What are the broad perspectives of macrolinguistics?
Formal and functional

51. In Carl James opinion, the distinction between text and discourse analysis is similar to Widdowson’s distinction between ……… and ……..
Usage and use

52. What are the variables in Carl James’ CA?
Formal devices

53. What is a hyperonym?
a super-ordinate term, the most general term

54. What is a hyponym?
Coordinate words

55. What is a superordinate term?
a hyperonym

56. What is exophoric reference?
Reference to real word entities, e.g my car (in a sentence)

57. What is endophoric reference?
Reference-in-text

58. What is anaphoric reference?
Backward reference in endophoric reference

59. What is cataphoric reference?
Anticipatory reference, looking ahead

60. What are the syntactic devices for achieving cohesion?
Reference
Ellipsis
Comparison
parallel structure

61. What does being relevant mean in the light of FSP?
Means relating new information to what is already known either by cotext or by context

62. What does inversion mean in the light of FSP?
Markedness, or departure from the default or normal word order

63. What is clefting?
Addition of an expletive clause at the beginning of a kernel SVO sentence as in: What we want is Wineys

64. What are the three possible approaches to text analysis?
textual characterization
text type
translated texts

65. What is meant by textual characterization?
Collection of data on the preferences shown by each pair of languages for the use of certain devices for achieving textual cohesion.

66. What can a piece of text emphasize on?
Content
Form
Appeal

67. Can any test be emphasizing on one of content, form or appeal alone?
No, texts emphasize on a blend of them

68. What is speech act?
Things we do with language

69. What is colingual community?
A group of individuals who can communicate with each other in certain ways characteristic of their group.

70. What are the four maxims that all conversations conform to?
Quantity, quality, relevance, manner

71. What does Grice’s concept of ‘conversational implicatures’ mean?
Conclusions made on the basis of a conversation

72. How many ways are there in English to refer to unmentionables without being offensive?
Two, technical terms, euphemism

73. Does English have overt status marking means?No

74. Does English have covert status marking means?
Yes

75. What are the two characteristics of phatic communion?
Indexicality, deicticism

76. What does ‘having communicative competence mean’?
To be able to activate strategies to avoid communication breakdown and to main the floor of conversation

77. What constitutes the scale of units of discourse in that order?
Turn, move, exchange, conversation

78. What are conversational gambits?
Techniques used to lubricate a conversation that is already started.

79. What does theoretical CA look for?
Realizations of a universal category in all human languages

80. What does applied CA look for?
How given category X in language A is represented in language B

81. Which CA is STATIC? applied or theoretical?

82. What are the advantages of theoretical CA?
Economy in the study of languages
Constant or recurrent reference to tertium comparationis

83. What are the disadvantages of theoretical CA?
Neglects applied CA
Conducted by target language linguists with little interest in L1

84. Why is so little known about applied CA?
Because of overemphasis on theoretical CA

85. When was CA particularly criticized?
After the demise of behaviorism and the transfer theory

86. Which theory best characterizes the censure against CA
The ignorance hypothesis

87. What does the ignorance hypothesis say?
That the cure for interference is simply the cure for ignorance: learning, not the theories proposed by C Analysts