Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Interacting atoms form molecules that combine in the protein filaments of a heart muscle cell. Such cells interlock,

Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Interacting atoms form molecules that combine in the protein filaments of a heart muscle cell. Such cells interlock, creating heart muscle tissue, which makes up most of the walls of the heart, a three-dimensional organ. The heart is only one component of the cardiovascular system, which also includes the blood and blood vessels. The various organ systems must work together to maintain life at the organism level. Integumentary The Organ Systems Skeletal Atoms in combination Muscular Nervous Cardiovascular Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical and Molecular Levels Endocrine Cellular Level Heart muscle cell Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions Provides support and protection for other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Forms blood cells Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Major Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body * Controls many structural and functional changes during development Functions Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse Tissue Level Organ Level Cardiac muscle tissue The heart Organism level Organ system level The cardiovascular system Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Female Reproductive Male Reproductive © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 8-9

Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 3 of 6) Chemical and Molecular Levels Cellular Level Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Heart muscle cell © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 8

Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 5 of 6) The Organ Systems Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Skeletal Cardiovascular Endocrine NervousMuscular Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Major Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions Protects support and protection for other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Forms blood cells Functions Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development Functions Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Integumentary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 8

Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 6 of 6) Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Female Reproductive Male Reproductive Urinary Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 9

Figure 1-5 Anatomical Landmarks Cephalic or head Frontal or forehead Cranial or skull Facial or face Oral or mouth Mental or chin Axillary or armpit Brachial or arm Antecubital or front of elbow Antebrachial or forearm Carpal or wrist Palmar or palm Pollex or thumb Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Patellar or kneecap Crural or leg Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Tarsal or ankle Anterior view Hallux or great toe Pedal or foot Femoral or thigh Pubic (pubis) Inguinal or groin Manual or hand Pelvic (pelvis) Umbilical or navel Trunk Abdominal (abdomen) Mammary or breast Thoracic or thorax, chest Cervical or neck Buccal or cheek Otic or ear Nasal or nose Ocular, orbital or eye Posterior view Acromial or shoulder Olecranal or back of elbow Lumbar or loin Gluteal or buttock Popliteal or back of knee Sural or calf Calcaneal or heel of foot Plantar or sole of foot Dorsal or back Upper limb Lower limb Cervical or neck Cephalic or head © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 15

Figure 1-6 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions. Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Stomach Spleen Urinary bladder Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 16

Figure 1-7 Directional References Cranial Posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral Caudal A lateral view. Superior Right Left Lateral Proximal Medial Proximal Distal Inferior An anterior view. Arrows indicate important directional terms used in this text; definitions and descriptions are given in Table 1  2. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 17

Figure 1-10 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Spinal cord Mediastinum Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Pelvic cavity A lateral view showing the ventral body cavity, which is divided by the muscular diaphragm into a superior thoracic (chest) cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity. Three of the four adult body cavities are shown and outlined in red; only one of the two pleural cavities can be shown in a sagittal section. A transverse section through the thoracic cavity, showing the central location of the pericardial cavity. Notice how the mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural cavities. Note that this transverse or cross-sectional view is oriented as though the observer were standing at the subject’s feet and looking toward the subject’s head. This is the standard presentation for clinical images, and unless otherwise noted, sectional views in this text use this same orientation. Right lung ANTERIOR The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed into a balloon. The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist of the hand, lies at the connection between the heart and major blood vessels. The width of the pericardial cavity is exaggerated here; normally the visceral and parietal layers are separated only by a thin layer of pericardial fluid. Diaphragm Heart Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Air space Balloon POSTERIOR Left lung © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 19

Figure 2-1 The Structure of Hydrogen Atoms Electron shell Hydrogen-1 mass number: 1 A typical hydrogen nucleus contains a proton and no neutrons. Hydrogen-2, deuterium A deuterium ( 2 H) nucleus contains a proton and a neutron. Hydrogen-3, tritium A tritium ( 3 H) nucleus contains a pair of neutrons in addition to the proton. mass number: 2 mass number: 3 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 28

Figure 2-2 The Arrangement of Electrons into Energy Levels The first energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons. The second and third energy levels can each contain up to 8 electrons. Hydrogen, H Atomic number: 1 Mass number: 1 1 electron Lithium, Li Atomic number: 3 Mass number: 6 (3 protons  3 neutrons) 3 electrons Hydrogen (H). A typical hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. The electron orbiting the nucleus occupies the first energy level, diagrammed as an electron shell. Helium (He). An atom of helium has two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons. The two electrons orbit in the same energy level. Neon, Ne Atomic number: 10 Mass number: 20 (10 protons  10 neutrons) 10 electrons Lithium (Li). A lithium atom has three protons, three neutrons, and three electrons. The first energy level can hold only two electrons, so the third electron occupies a second energy level. Neon (Ne). A neon atom has 10 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons. The second level can hold up to eight electrons; thus, both the first and second energy levels are filled. Helium, He Atomic number: 2 Mass number: 4 (2 protons  2 neutrons) 2 electrons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 30

Figure 2-2a The Arrangement of Electrons into Energy Levels The first energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons. Hydrogen, H Atomic number: 1 Mass number: 1 1 electron Hydrogen (H). A typical hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. The electron orbiting the nucleus occupies the first energy level, diagrammed as an electron shell. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 30

Figure 2-2b The Arrangement of Electrons into Energy Levels The first energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons. Helium (He). An atom of helium has two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons. The two electrons orbit in the same energy level. Helium, He Atomic number: 2 Mass number: 4 (2 protons  2 neutrons) 2 electrons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 30

Figure 2-2c The Arrangement of Electrons into Energy Levels The second and third energy levels can each contain up to 8 electrons. Lithium, Li Atomic number: 3 Mass number: 6 (3 protons  3 neutrons) 3 electrons Lithium (Li). A lithium atom has three protons, three neutrons, and three electrons. The first energy level can hold only two electrons, so the third electron occupies a second energy level. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 30

Figure 2-2d The Arrangement of Electrons into Energy Levels The second and third energy levels can each contain up to 8 electrons. Neon, Ne Atomic number: 10 Mass number: 20 (10 protons  10 neutrons) 10 electrons Neon (Ne). A neon atom has 10 protons, 10 neutrons, and 10 electrons. The second level can hold up to eight electrons; thus, both the first and second energy levels are filled. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 30

Figure 2-5 Covalent Bonds in Five Common Molecules. Molecule Hydrogen (H 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen (N 2 ) Nitric oxide (NO) O OO O H −HH −H O C OO C O N ON O N ON O Electron Shell Model and Structural Formula p. 34

Figure 2-4 The Formation of Ionic Bonds Formation of ions Sodium atom Sodium ion (Na  ) Attraction between opposite charges Formation of an ionic compound Sodium chloride (NaCl) Chloride ion (Cl  ) Chlorine atom Formation of an ionic bond. A sodium (Na) atom loses an electron, which is accepted by a chlorine (Cl) atom. Because the sodium (Na  ). and chloride (Cl  ) ions have opposite charges, they are attracted to one another. The association of sodium and chloride ions forms the ionic compound sodium chloride. Chloride ions (Cl  ) Sodium ions (Na  ) Sodium chloride crystal. Large numbers of sodium and chloride ions form a crystal of sodium chloride (table salt). 321 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 33

Figure 2-4a The Formation of Ionic Bonds Formation of ions Sodium atom Sodium ion (Na  ) Attraction between opposite charges Formation of an ionic compound Sodium chloride (NaCl) Chloride ion (Cl  )Chlorine atom Formation of an ionic bond. A sodium (Na) atom loses an electron, which is accepted by a chlorine (Cl) atom. Because the sodium (Na  ) and chloride (Cl  ) ions have opposite charges, they are attracted to one another. The association of sodium and chloride ions forms the ionic compound sodium chloride. 132 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 33

Figure 2-4b The Formation of Ionic Bonds Chloride ions (Cl  ) Sodium ions (Na  ) Sodium chloride crystal. Large numbers of sodium and chloride ions form a crystal of sodium chloride (table salt). © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 33

http://web.virginia.edu/Heidi/chapter2/chp2.htm

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http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/bonding_types.htm nonpolar: equal sharing of e -

Figure 2-6 Polar Covalent Bonds and the Structure of Water Hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom Oxygen atom Oxygen atom Formation of a water molecule. In forming a water molecule, an oxygen atom completes its outermost energy level by sharing electrons with a pair of hydrogen atoms. The sharing is unequal, because the oxygen atom holds the electrons more tightly than do the hydrogen atoms. Charges on a water molecule. Because the oxygen atom has two extra electrons much of the time, it develops a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms become weakly positive. The bonds in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds. 22   © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 35

Figure 2-9a The Activities of Water Molecules in Aqueous Solutions Negative pole H Positive pole Water molecule. In a water molecule, oxygen forms polar covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. Because both hydrogen atoms are at one end of the molecule, it has an uneven distribution of charges, creating positive and negative poles. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 40

Figure 2-9b The Activities of Water Molecules in Aqueous Solutions Cl  Na  Hydration spheres Sodium chloride in solution. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride, dissociate in water as the polar water molecules break the ionic bonds in the large crystal structure. Each ion in solution is surrounded by water molecules, creating hydration spheres. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 40

Figure 2-9c The Activities of Water Molecules in Aqueous Solutions Glucose in solution. Hydration spheres also form around an organic molecule containing polar covalent bonds. If the molecule binds water strongly, as does glucose, it will be carried into solution—in other words, it will dissolve. Note that the molecule does not dissociate, as occurs for ionic compounds. Glucose molecule © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 40

Figure 2-10 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid Stomach acid Beer, vinegar, wine, pickles Tomatoes, grapes Extremely acidic Increasing concentration of H  NeutralIncreasing concentration of OH  Extremely basic Urine Saliva, milk Blood Ocean water Pure water Eggs Household bleach Household ammonia Oven cleaner 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide 14 13 12 11 9 10 10  14 10  13 10  12 10  11 10  10 10  9 8 10  8 7 10  7 6 10  6 5 10  5 4 10  4 3 10  3 2 10  2 1 10  1 pH [H  ] 0 10 0 (mol/L) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 42

Figure 2-12a The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Sucrose Fructose Glucose Formation of the disaccharide sucrose through dehydration synthesis. During dehydration synthesis, two molecules are joined by the removal of a water molecule. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-12a The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars (Part 1 of 2) DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Fructose Glucose Formation of the disaccharide sucrose through dehydration synthesis. During dehydration synthesis, two molecules are joined by the removal of a water molecule. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-12a The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars (Part 2 of 2) DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Formation of the disaccharide sucrose through dehydration synthesis. During dehydration synthesis, two molecules are joined by the removal of a water molecule. Sucrose © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-12b The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars HYDROLYSIS Glucose Sucrose Fructose Breakdown of sucrose into simple sugars by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis reverses the steps of dehydration synthesis; a complex molecule is broken down by the addition of a water molecule. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-12b The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars (Part 1 of 2) HYDROLYSIS Sucrose Breakdown of sucrose into simple sugars by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis reverses the steps of dehydration synthesis; a complex molecule is broken down by the addition of a water molecule. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-12b The Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars (Part 2 of 2) Breakdown of sucrose into simple sugars by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis reverses the steps of dehydration synthesis; a complex molecule is broken down by the addition of a water molecule. HYDROLYSIS Glucose Fructose © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 45

Figure 2-14a Fatty Acids Lauric acid demonstrates two structural characteristics common to all fatty acids: a long chain of carbon atoms and a carboxyl group (—COOH) at one end. Lauric acid (C 12 H 24 O 2 ) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 47

Figure 2-14b Fatty Acids Unsaturated A fatty acid is either saturated (has single covalent bonds only) or unsaturated (has one or more double covalent bonds). The presence of a double bond causes a sharp bend in the molecule. Saturated © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 47

Figure 2-18 Phospholipids and Glycolipids The phospholipid lecithin. In a phospholipid, a phosphate group links a nonlipid molecule to a diglyceride. Glycerol Carbohydrate Phosphate group Fatty acids In a glycolipid, a carbohydrate is attached to a diglyceride. WATER Nonlipid group Fatty acids Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails PhospholipidGlycolipid In large numbers, phospholipids and glycolipids form micelles, with the hydrophilic heads facing the water molecules, and the hydrophobic tails on the inside of each droplet. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 50

Figure 2-21 Protein Structure. Linear chain of amino acids Hydrogen bond OR A1A2A3 A4 A5A6A7A8A9 Primary structure. The primary structure of a polypeptide is the sequence of amino acids (A1, A2, A3, and so on) along its length. Hydrogen bond Alpha helix A1A3A5A7A9 A2A6 Secondary structure. Secondary structure is primarily the result of hydrogen bonding along the length of the polypeptide chain. Such bonding often produces a simple spiral, called an alpha helix (α helix) or a flattened arrangement known as a beta sheet (β sheet). Tertiary structure. Tertiary structure is the coiling and folding of a polypeptide. Within the cylindrical segments of this globular protein, the polypeptide chain is arranged in an alpha helix. Alpha helix Heme units Hemoglobin (globular protein) Quaternary structure. Quaternary structure develops when separate polypeptide subunits interact to form a larger molecule. A single hemoglobin molecule contains four globular subunits. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood; the oxygen binds reversibly to the heme units. In collagen, three helical polypeptide subunits intertwine. Collagen is the principal extracellular protein in most organs. Beta sheet OR Collagen (fibrous protein) A1 A9 A11 A 10 A3 A7 A13 A2 A8 A12 A4 A6 A14 A5 a a b c d p. 53

Figure 2-21ab Protein Structure (Part 1 of 2). Linear chain of amino acids A1A2A3 A4 A5A6A7A8A9 Primary structure. The primary structure of a polypeptide is the sequence of amino acids (A1, A2, A3, and so on) along its length. Hydrogen bond Secondary structure. Secondary structure is primarily the result of hydrogen bonding along the length of the polypeptide chain. Such bonding often produces a simple spiral, called an alpha helix (α helix) or a flattened arrangement known as a beta sheet (β sheet). Alpha helix A1A3A5A7A9 A2A6 a b p. 53

Figure 2-21ab Protein Structure (Part 2 of 2). Linear chain of amino acids A1A2A3 A4 A5A6A7A8A9 Primary structure. The primary structure of a polypeptide is the sequence of amino acids (A1, A2, A3, and so on) along its length. Hydrogen bond Secondary structure. Secondary structure is primarily the result of hydrogen bonding along the length of the polypeptide chain. Such bonding often produces a simple spiral, called an alpha helix (α helix) or a flattened arrangement known as a beta sheet (β sheet). Beta sheet A1 A9 A11 A 10 A3 A7 A13 A2 A8 A12 A4 A6 A14 A5 a b p. 53

Figure 2-21cd Protein Structure (Part 1 of 2). Tertiary structure. Tertiary structure is the coiling and folding of a polypeptide. Within the cylindrical segments of this globular protein, the polypeptide chain is arranged in an alpha helix. Alpha helix Heme units Hemoglobin (globular protein) Quaternary structure. Quaternary structure develops when separate polypeptide subunits interact to form a larger molecule. A single hemoglobin molecule contains four globular subunits. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood; the oxygen binds reversibly to the heme units. In collagen, three helical polypeptide subunits intertwine. Collagen is the principal extracellular protein in most organs. c d p. 53

Figure 2-21cd Protein Structure (Part 2 of 2). Tertiary structure. Tertiary structure is the coiling and folding of a polypeptide. Within the cylindrical segments of this globular protein, the polypeptide chain is arranged in an alpha helix. Alpha helix Heme units Quaternary structure. Quaternary structure develops when separate polypeptide subunits interact to form a larger molecule. A single hemoglobin molecule contains four globular subunits. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood; the oxygen binds reversibly to the heme units. In collagen, three helical polypeptide subunits intertwine. Collagen is the principal extracellular protein in most organs. Collagen (fibrous protein) c d p. 53

Figure 2-22 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function Substrates bind to active site of enzyme Once bound to the active site, the substrates are held together and their interaction facilitated Substrate binding alters the shape of the enzyme, and this change promotes product formation Product detaches from enzyme; entire process can now be repeated PRODUCT ENZYME S1S1 S2S2 Enzyme-substrate complex ENZYME Active site Substrates S1S1 S2S2 ENZYME © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 55

Figure 2-23 Nucleotides and Nitrogenous Bases Generic nucleotide The nitrogenous base may be a purine or a pyrimidine. Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Purines Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines Cytosine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 57

Figure 2-24 The Structure of Nucleic Acids Phosphate group Deoxyribose Hydrogen bond Adenine Thymine DNA strand 1 DNA strand 2 RNA molecule. An RNA molecule has a single nucleotide chain. Its shape is determined by the sequence of nucleotides and by the interactions among them. DNA molecule. A DNA molecule has a pair of nucleotide chains linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. CytosineGuanine © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 57

Figure 2-24a The Structure of Nucleic Acids RNA molecule. An RNA molecule has a single nucleotide chain. Its shape is determined by the sequence of nucleotides and by the interactions among them. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 55

Figure 2-25 The Structure of ATP Adenine Ribose Phosphate High-energy bonds Adenosine Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenine Ribose Adenosine Phosphate groups © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 58

Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Interacting atoms form molecules that combine in the protein filaments of a heart muscle cell. Such cells interlock,

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Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Interacting atoms form molecules that combine in the protein filaments of a heart muscle cell. Such cells interlock,

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