1. REDUCING THE NEED TO TRAVEL David Banister The Bartlett School of Planning University College London Mobile Network Seminar – 16 th May 2003

2. The New Realism Stage 1 - Consensus that projected traffic growth is not sustainable Stage 2 - Proposed road schemes will not solve the problem Stage 3 - Limitations on the use of the car and substantially raising the costs of travel Stage 4 - Awareness of the environmental and social costs of unlimited mobility Stage 5 - Reduce the need to travel - the only means to improve the environment and congestion

3. The Universal Problem

4. Internalising the social costs of transport through the pricing mechanism Fuel duty increases - but this will not stabilise CO 2 emissions until 2010 – abandoned in 1999 Transport in EU15 has increased its carbon emissions by 160 m tonnes from 1990 - 2000 A real doubling of petrol prices will reduce growth in traffic (1992-2006) from 65% to 30% - only a tripling of petrol prices will maintain traffic at current levels. Economic Solutions

5. Technological Solutions Technology has always solved the problems in the past and will solve them now Catalytic converters Cash for clunkers Electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles Regional clean air incentives market (RECLAIM) Alternative fuels

6. Electric vehicles in Lillehammer Mercedes – New Electric Car (NECAR3)

7. Free electric recharging in Copenhagen and Free unrestricted parking for electric vehicles in London

8. Land Use and Planning Solutions  Reduce journey lengths – higher use of public transport and green modes of transport  Encourage trip chaining – location of services and facilities in close proximity  Promoting high quality locations, including public transport interchanges – where people want to spend time at with facilities – transport development areas of

9. Land Use and Planning Solutions Sustainable transport policy - Sustainable development 1.Development Principles 2.Social Audit 3.Quality Neighbourhoods

10. Development Principles Concentration and Diversity of Activities Less need to travel Less reliance on the car More use of green modes and public transport Vitality Environmental security More attractive and better quality town centres Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits

11. Development Principles 1.Density of Development As density increases Average trip length reduces Use of the car reduces Distance travelled reduces But causality has not been proved

13. 2.Size of Settlement The larger the settlement Shorter the trips Greater proportion of trips by public transport Use of car and total distance travelled decreases Thresholds need to maintain balance between people, jobs and a full range of facilities

14. 3.Availability of Employment Increases in consumption of travel by car commuting in UK is 60% from 1981-1991 Need to put workplaces nearer to where people live, but the nature of work is changing Also locate workplaces in larger and public transport accessible locations

15. Social Audit 1.Social Costs of Closure Savings to provider and additional costs to user 2.Social Costs of New Development Benefits to local economy and users of the new facility, extra travel (if any) 3.Development Levy On locations inaccessible by public transport

16. Quality Neighbourhoods Locations where people, public transport and local facilities take precedence over the car Efficient interfaces between transport modes Non polluting local transport Provision of local based facilities Monitoring and control technologies to maintain high environmental quality

17. Clear Zones and limited access areas - Interchange point at boundary

18. Streets for People

19. Car Free Development Gruenenstrasse in Bremen

20. Transport Development Areas 1.At public transport accessible locations 2.Encouragement of multi modal trips 3.Office location and retail centres at TDAs 4.Affordable housing units and car free developments 5. The new interchange points where people want to meet and spend time and money

21. Conclusions Importance of land use and transport planning 1. It provides the means to tackle the causes of unsustainable transport. 2. By reducing the need to travel, it also meets social concerns about the equity of access to transport. 3. It contributes to a more efficient transport system through reductions in resource consumption and greater use of public transport and green modes of transport. 4. It improves the quality of life in cities through the creation of high quality neighbourhoods, a clean environment and enhanced accessibility.