1. National and Regional Growth & The Age of Jackson CHAPTER 11 & 12

2.  The Industrial Revolutions increased the number of goods being produced. It also increased the demand for raw materials. In England, textile mills need huge quantities of cotton to produce goods to sell throughout the British Empire. Cotton growers in the South wanted to meet this demand. Cotton Boom.  As cotton production grew, so did the demand for slavery.  Slavery divided white Southerners into those who held slaves and those who did not. Slaveholders with large plantations were the wealthiest and most powerful people in the South, but were relatively few in number. Only one third of white families owned slaves in 1840. - The cotton gin made cotton production more profitable and led to the spread of slavery. PLANTATIONS AND SLAVERY SPREAD

3.  The War of 1812 occurred during James Madison’s Presidency  The War of 1812 boosted American industry by motivating Americans to make goods that they used to import from Europe.  The War of 1812 also increased American Nationalism.  In 1815, Madison presented a plan to Congress for making America economically self sufficient. Henry Clay promoted it as the American System which had three main actions. 1.Establish a Protective Tariff  This made goods from Europe more expensive and encouraged Americans to buy cheap American made products 2. Establish a National bank In 1816, Congress set up the second Bank of the United States 3. Improve the Country’s transportation system. Erie Canal NATIONALISM

4.  By 1817 James Monroe became President of the United States.  During his Presidency several states had started to become loyal to the interest of their region or section of the country.  Sectionalism  Sectionalism became a major issue when Missouri applied to become a state in 1817.  People of Missouri wanted to allow slavery in their state. At the time, the United states consisted of 11 slave states and 11 free states.  Economic differences among regions and a division over the issue of slavery increased sectional tension. SECTIONALISM

5. MISSOURI COMPROMISE Maine which had been part of Massachusetts, also wanted to become a state. Henry Clay suggested that Missouri be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Congress passed this idea and called it the Missouri Compromise. It called for slavery to be banned North of the parallel 36 30’, Missouri’s southern border.

6.  Nationalist feeling made Americans want to define the nations borders. To do this, U.S leaders had to reach agreements with Britain and Spain.  U.S relations with Spain were tense. The two nations disagreed on boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and the ownership of West Florida  In December 1823, Monroe issued a statement that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe said that the Americas were closed to further colonization. He also warned that European efforts to reestablish colonies would be considered “ dangerous to our peace and safety”. The U.S would stay out of European affairs.  America made treaties with Britain and Spain that strengthened U.S. borders. The Monroe Doctrine declared the Americas were closed to further European colonization. MONROE DOCTRINE

7.  By the 1820’s, politics were increasingly dominated by sectionalism, or loyalty to the interests of a particular region of the country. In the election of 1824 these sectional interest tore apart the Democratic- Republican party.  New Englanders like John Quincy Adams  Westerners back Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson  Southerners supported Jackson and William Crawford.  Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes in the election but did not win the majority of electoral votes.  House of Representatives choose the president  John Adams wins “Corrupt Bargain”  Before the Election of 1824 there was sectional divisions. After the Election 1824 two new political parties were formed  Democrats  National Republicans SECTIONALISM CHANGES POLTICS

8.  Andrew Jackson won the election in 1828 against John Adams  Bitter Campaign  Start of Jacksonian Democracy  The idea of widening political power to more of the people and ensuring majority rule.  In the early 1800’s, many states reduced restrictions on who could vote. This increased the number of votes. The expansion of voting rights helped Jackson achieved an overwhelming win in the 1828 presidential election.  Spoils System – giving government job to political backers  Jackson helped change American democracy by extending political power to more people JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

9. JACKSON’S POLICY TOWARD NATIVE AMERICANS  By the early 1800’s, there still many Native Americans living east of the Mississippi, despite the fact that white settlers had been pushing them westward for two hundred years. These remaining tribes were viewed by many whites as an obstacle to progress. They debated what to do with the native population.  Some whites hoped that Native Americans would assimilate  Andrew Jackson had long supported a policy of moving native Americans west of the Mississippi  He saw Native Americans as conquered subjects who lived within the borders of the United States. He also felt that the United States government could regulate where they lived.  In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act  This called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi

10.  Under the treaties, Native Americans would exchange their current lands for lands in an area that covered what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska. This area came to be called the Indian territory.  In 1838, federal troops commanded by General Winfield Scott forced 16,000 Cherokees into camps. Soldiers took people from theirs homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs.  This harsh journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian territory became known as the Trail of Tears TRAIL OF TEARS Native Americans were forced west. They endured extreme hardship. Many died on the Journey or in conflict.

11.  After Jackson left office Martin Van Buren became president in 1836. A few months after Van Buren took office, a panic, or widespread fear about the state of the economy, spread throughout the country. It became knowns as the Panic of 1837.  The Whig party is formed in 1840 by Henry Clay.  The Whigs opposed the concentration of power in the chief executive- whom they mockingly called “King Andrew” Jackson  Many Americans believed that it was their fate, or destiny to expand the United States across the continent from ocean to ocean. In 1845, a newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan gave a name to that believed. He called it the Manifest Destiny. MANIFEST DESTINY