1. Rome From a Republic to an Empire

2. To Consider What groups of people originally stood in the way of Rome’s Mediterranean domination and what became of them? What groups of people originally stood in the way of Rome’s Mediterranean domination and what became of them? How did Rome differ from Greece and how did this make them more successful? How did Rome differ from Greece and how did this make them more successful? What went wrong with the republic? What went wrong with the republic?

3. The End of the Republic The old city constitution could no longer hold up with the expanding territory The old city constitution could no longer hold up with the expanding territory Sulla had two political heirs Sulla had two political heirs –Julius (a politician) and Pompey (a general who had teamed up with Crassus [a banker]) –Julius became consul in 59 BC Formed the first triumvirate Formed the first triumvirate

4. The Triumvirate Fails All three spend their years in battle All three spend their years in battle Crassus died fighting leaving Pompey and Julius to rule Crassus died fighting leaving Pompey and Julius to rule Each was suspicious of the other and eventually civil war broke out Each was suspicious of the other and eventually civil war broke out Pompey snuggled up with the senate and had their official support Pompey snuggled up with the senate and had their official support They demanded that Julius relinquish his authority They demanded that Julius relinquish his authority Julius marched on Rome and defeated him in 45 BC Julius marched on Rome and defeated him in 45 BC The Senate accepted his victory and appointed him dictator for 10 years The Senate accepted his victory and appointed him dictator for 10 years

5. Julius Caesar Julius gains the title of Caesar as the momentum of his authority increased Julius gains the title of Caesar as the momentum of his authority increased Senatorial class was uneasy with his power Senatorial class was uneasy with his power 44 BC Caesar is killed by conspirators 44 BC Caesar is killed by conspirators Another civil war ensues Another civil war ensues Second triumvirate Second triumvirate –Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

6. Augustus Caesar Octavian and Antony go head to head for power Octavian and Antony go head to head for power Octavian brands Antony as a traitor and get Rome on his side Octavian brands Antony as a traitor and get Rome on his side He defeats the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC He defeats the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar

7. The Pax Romana Virgil writes: Virgil writes: You, Roman, remember- these are your arts: To rule nations and to impose the ways of peace, To spare the humble and to war down the proud. Augustus could have declared himself dictator but didn’t Augustus could have declared himself dictator but didn’t He claimed to restore the republic but he created a constitutional monarchy instead He claimed to restore the republic but he created a constitutional monarchy instead –Called himself princeps or First Citizen

8. The Rise to Emperor and Beyond 12 BC he became Pontifex Maximus 12 BC he became Pontifex Maximus –Made him head of the state religion Because of his military success he became Imperator, which eventually came to mean Emperor Because of his military success he became Imperator, which eventually came to mean Emperor He built a more professional army as an arm of the government He built a more professional army as an arm of the government He also handled Roman colonies as part of the Empire, not independent settlements as the Greeks had done He also handled Roman colonies as part of the Empire, not independent settlements as the Greeks had done Eventually he became associated with the Goddess of the state Roma Eventually he became associated with the Goddess of the state Roma By his death in 14 AD almost every province had an altar to Roma and Augustus By his death in 14 AD almost every province had an altar to Roma and Augustus

9. Expansion Rome always had problems with the Gauls (Celts) and other tribes living north and west of the roman borders. Rome always had problems with the Gauls (Celts) and other tribes living north and west of the roman borders. Augustus created buffer zones with forts and military outposts in these areas, protecting the Italian Romans from hostility. Augustus created buffer zones with forts and military outposts in these areas, protecting the Italian Romans from hostility. Roman Peace is established Roman Peace is established

10. The Julio-Claudians Tiberius 14-37 AD Tiberius 14-37 AD –Step-son of Augustus, good military leader, followed Augustus’ footsteps, was frugal, and eventually retired to Capri (senility) Caligula 37-41 Caligula 37-41 –Grand-nephew of Tiberius, started off OK but got sick and went nuts, spent all of Tiberius’ treasury and began to charge rich families with treason to steal their money, was killed by the praetorian guard Claudius 41-54 Claudius 41-54 –Found by the guard hidden behind the curtains, had physical handicaps, turned out to be a good leader with respect for the senate, concerned with citizenship to provincials, in the end he married Caligula’s sister Agrippina who then plotted to kill him. Nero 54-68 Nero 54-68 –Agrippina’s son, 16 years old, his rule was dominated by his mother, he tried several times to kill her, he finally killed her and his wife so that he could marry his mistress, he forced people to attend his concerts, speculations relating to the great fires of Rome, the senate sentenced him to death, he killed himself and said “Oh what a great artist the world is losing”

11. The Flavians After the death of Nero several people claimed to be emperor but Flavian Vespasian had the upper hand After the death of Nero several people claimed to be emperor but Flavian Vespasian had the upper hand –He too gave citizenship to conquered territories and did a good job keeping down invaders Titus 79-81 Titus 79-81 –Son of Vespasian, continued what his father started but died early Domitian 81-96 Domitian 81-96 –Least popular of this crew, was disrespectful toward the senate, insisted on being called Lord and Master, did a terrible job, blamed Christians and Jews on the misfortune and persecuted them severely, was finally murdered

12. The 5 Good Emperors and the Other Guy Nerva, an old senator succeeded Nerva, an old senator succeeded –Ruled for only 2 years but trained his own successor Trajan 98-117 Trajan 98-117 –A Spaniard (1 st emperor not of Italian origin), well liked, good military ruler, Rome reached its greatest extent, on his death bed he chose another Spaniard Hadrian 117-138 Hadrian 117-138 –Modified the code of laws, retreated borders, reorganized army, Hadrian’s wall Antonius Pius 138-161 Antonius Pius 138-161 –Wealthy senator from Gaul, selected by Hadrian, climax of the Pax Romana, put Rome on the defensive as opposed to the offensive Marcus Aurelius 161-180 Marcus Aurelius 161-180 –Stoic philosopher, wrote Meditations, had to deal with sever fighting in Dacia where 25% of the population died, was stricken by plague fighting in present- day Austria Commodus (the not so great) 180-192 Commodus (the not so great) 180-192 –Marcus broke tradition allowing his son to rule, he should have appointed a suitable successor, Commodus was hated as he became a megalomaniac, he thought he was the reincarnation of Hercules, finally the senate killed him and removed al record of his rule from the lists.