1. Biology Review Fall Semester

2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND LAB SAFETY Ultimately, all scientific knowledge comes from: both experimentation and observation

3. Hypothesis A hypothesis must be: experimental

4. Independent Variable A scientist testing the affects of a chemical on an apple sprays an orchard with the chemical. A second orchard does not receive the chemical. In the fall, the number of apples harvested from each forest is counted. Which of the following is the independent (manipulated) variable in the experiment? the chemical the number of apples the first orchard the second orchard

5. Inventions Which invention played the biggest role in the discovery of cells by early scientists? compound microscope

6. SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND LAB SAFETY Ultimately, all scientific knowledge comes from: both experimentation and observation

7. Evidence If a theory is challenged by new evidence, which of the following could occur? the theory could be altered.

8. Theories Theories help scientists to: propose new ideas about how the world works

9. Smallest Unit The smallest unit capable of carrying out life functions is: a cell

10. Lab Safety What are good lab safety practices? always wear goggles no horseplay never eat or drink during a lab.

11. What are the steps of the scientific method?

12. All living things must: maintain homeostasis

13. CELLS and CELL STRUCTURE What are the main differences between plant and animal cells? plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, animals cells do not

14. Organelles Which organelles supply energy to the cell? (also known as the powerhouse of the cell) Mitochondria

15. Organelles Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts and defend a cell against viruses? (also known as suicide cells) Lysosomes

16. Cell Movement Which sentence best describes endocytosis? contents enter a cell

17. Cell Movement Which sentence best describes exocytosis? contents exit a cell

18. Organelles Which organelles are unique to plant cells? Chloroplasts

19. Cell Theory The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells; cells are the most basic unit of life, and all existing cells are produced by other living cells

20. Cell Parts What is the term for the jellylike substance that is contained inside the cell membrane? cytoplasm

21. Cell Parts Unlike a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus

22. Cell Parts Specialized structures that work together inside a cell are called Organelles

23. ATOMS, IONS AND MOLECULES The smallest basic unit of matter is the Atom

24. Carbon Based Molecules The four carbon based molecules are: Lipids, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates

25. Bonds Atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons when the make Covalent bonds

26. Acids and Bases Which of the following solutions has the highest H ion concentration? (also most basic) solution with pH of 1 solution with pH of 4 solution with pH of 7 solution with pH of 10

27. Bonds Substances are changed into different substances when bonds break and form during chemical reactions

28. Energy Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release (also speed up reactions at a lower temperature) are called… catalyzed

29. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport? diffusion osmosis endocytosis facilitated diffusion

30. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Which of the following phrases best describes active transport? moves substance against concentration gradient does not use chemical energy forms a vesicle around a large particle relies on diffusion of materials.

31. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Transport proteins play a role in both passive and active transport

32. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Diffusion is net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion. net transport of molecules from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration by random molecular motion. net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by specific molecular motion

33. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS Osmosis is diffusion of a solvent through a semi- permeable membrane diffusion of a solvent through a permeable membrane diffusion of a solute through a permeable membrane diffusion of a solute through a semi- permeable membrane

34. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS A solute is a solid material (like sugar or salt) dissolved in another substance a liquid material (like kool-aid) that is dissolved in another substance. a solitary material

35. DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS A solvent is a cleanser a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid or gaseous solute resulting in a solution. a liquid or gas that dissolves only solids resulting in a solution

36. Somatic Cells Also called Body Cells Make up most of your body tissues and organs

37. Germ Cells Are cells in your reproductive organs—ovaries and testes that develop into gametes. Gametes are sex cells -ova or eggs in female -sperm in male

39. Mitosis During which stage of the cell cycle is the DNA copied? Gap 1

40. Mitosis Mitosis can only happen in what type of cell? – Eukaryotic cells

41. Mitosis The process where the cytoplasm divides and forms two new cells is called: cytokinesis

42. MEOSIS Meiosis results in _____ 2 haploid daughter cells 4 haploid daughter cells 2 diploid daughter cells 4 diploid daughter cells

43. Meiosis Cell division to form the gametes, sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete). Characteristic of eukaryotes only: not in prokaryotes. Normal cells are diploid: 2 copies of every gene. Diploidy is useful because 2 copies of every gene means that there a backup copy if one gets mutated. Mutations are very frequent in the cells of large organisms. We wouldn’t survive with just one copy of each gene. Gametes are haploid: 1 copy of every gene Need to choose 1 copy of each gene randomly. Why have sexual reproduction? Shuffling of alleles between parents and offspring leads to new combinations. Bad combinations die without reproducing; good combinations survive and reproduce more offspring.

44. Result of Meiosis 1 Go from 1 cell to 2 cells. Each daughter cell contains 1 copy of each chromosome: they are haploid, with the chromosomes still having 2 chromatids each. For humans: start with one cell containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) to 2 cells containing 23 chromosomes. As a result of crossing over, each chromosome is the mixture of the original homologues.

45. Meiosis 2 Meiosis 2 is just like mitosis No replication of DNA between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Chromosomes line up individually on the equator of the spindle at metaphase. At anaphase the centromeres divide, splitting the 2 chromatids. The one-chromatid chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

46. More Meiosis 2

47. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces: zygotes chromosomes DNA gametes

48. Which process is best represented by the following chemical equation? Sugars + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION & FERMENTATION

49. Cellular Respiration Before cellular respiration, glucose must be broken down by the process of Photosynthesis

50. Cellular Respiration The universal currency for energy in a cell is ATP

51. ATP/ADP The unit which has a phosphorus group taken away is called ADP

52. Cellular Respiration Which of the following groups of organisms uses cellular respiration in mitochondria to produce ATP for their energy needs? Plants only Eukaryotes Animals only Prokaryotes Lipids, proteins, nuclear reactants, oxygen

53. Fermentation Fermentation does not produce ATP. Why is fermentation such an important process to cells? It allows glycolysis to continue to produce a small amount of ATP when oxygen is unavailable.

54. Cellular Respiration Which of the following is a waste product (reactant) in photosynthesis? Oxygen Glucose Carbon dioxide Carbon hydrotrioxide

55. CELLULAR REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduce is creation of offspring from One parent

56. Cellular Reproduction In asexual reproduce the offspring is Genetically identical to each other and the single parent

57. Cellular Reproduction Most prokaryotes reproduce through Binary fission

58. Cellular Reproduction Eurkayotes can reproduce asexually by all but one of the following: a. stem cutting b. fragmentation c. replication d. cell differentiation

59. Apoptosis is Programmed cell death

60. Cellular Reproduction How do most prokaryotes reproduce

61. reproduction How is mitosis different from binary fission? a. mitosis is division of the cell nucleus b. mitosis is involved in sexual reproduction c. four daughter cells form in mitosis d. the daughter cells formed by mitosis are genetically differen

62. reproduction How might asexually reproduction be beneficially to a small animal in a widely scattered area? a. it is more energy efficient than sexual reproduction b. both male and female offspring are produced by asexual reproduction c. the organism won’t have to spend time looking for a mate d. the organism won’t need a nucleus

63. reproduction What term describes a form of reproduction that involves gametes a. budding b. fragmentation c. vegetative reproduction d. sexual reproduction

64. STEM CELLS AND CELL ORGANIZATION Which of the following is correctly arranged from smallest to largest? a. tissue, cell, organ, organ system b. organ, cell, organ system, tissue c. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system

65. Stem Cells What term describes the kind of stem cell that can grow into all cell types in the body? a. totipotent b. pleuripotent c. multipotent d. adult stem cell

66. Homeostatis How does communication between cells help maintain homeostatsis? a. coordination of activities are needed to maintain the body’s internal environment b. to know where to connect c. to make other differentiated cells d. coordinated cell division