1. www.na-ygn.org Comparing Electricity Technologies ‘98 US Electrical Consumption ‘98 US Electrical Consumption 3.6 million Gwh e 35% of US Primary Energy Consumption 35% of US Primary Energy Consumption 2,200 million Mg of CO 2 emissions 2,200 million Mg of CO 2 emissions ~5,500 million Mg of CO 2 total US emissions ~5,500 million Mg of CO 2 total US emissions

2. www.na-ygn.org 1998 Electricity Mix 52% 14% 20% <0.05% Others:HydroOilGeothermalBiomass Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Solar Wind

3. www.na-ygn.org Construction Manufacturing of plant components, including: Manufacturing of plant components, including: –mining materials (ie: iron) –processing materials (ie: steel) –construction of components (ie: solar cells) –energy for transportation Site construction includes energy for: Site construction includes energy for: –heavy machinery

4. www.na-ygn.org Construction (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 1.3 1.9 14 13

5. www.na-ygn.org Fuel Production Exploration: Exploration: –energy required to find fossil fuel or uranium resources Mining, Processing & Refining Mining, Processing & Refining –energy and equipment requires to mine resources and convert it to usable fuel Transportation & Storage Transportation & Storage –energy required –possible leaks (ie: natural gas)

6. www.na-ygn.org Fuel Production (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 17.4 77 9.5 0 0 0 0

7. www.na-ygn.org Fuel Consumption Burning fossil fuels is the biggest direct contributor Burning fossil fuels is the biggest direct contributor

8. www.na-ygn.org Fuel Consumption (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 956 376 0 0 0 0 0 0

9. www.na-ygn.org Operation & Maintenance Electrical power is needed to keep plant running reliablyElectrical power is needed to keep plant running reliably Energy is needed to perform maintenance on the plantEnergy is needed to perform maintenance on the plant Equipment may need to be replacedEquipment may need to be replaced –this new equipment has all the same GHG emissions as the new equipment (ie. Construction)

10. www.na-ygn.org Operation & Maintenance (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 4 4 4 4 2.2 8 8 4.1

11. www.na-ygn.org Decommissioning Energy required to dismantle power plant Energy required to dismantle power plant Energy required to destroy or dispose of used components Energy required to destroy or dispose of used components Energy required to reclaim land Energy required to reclaim land –heavy equipment for earth moving –reforestation –etc...

12. www.na-ygn.org Decommissioning (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 0.2 0.1 1.4 0.7 0.6

13. www.na-ygn.org Total (tons of CO 2 per GWhe) 980 460 15 23 18

14. www.na-ygn.org Assumptions Coal: Coal: –Based on 1000 MWe baseload coal station Gas: Gas: –Based on 450 MWe baseload equivalent gas station Nuclear: Nuclear: –Based on 1000 MWe baseload nuclear station Solar: Solar: –Based on 100 MWe facility located in the Southwest US –GHG emissions for decommissioning are based on known values for wind and estimated for solar through a comparison of solar and wind construction costs Wind: Wind: –Based on 25 MWe wind farm without storage –storage would increase emissions in construction and O&M (slightly in decomm.)