1. DEFINITIONS Accidents: Undesirable, unplanned, uncontrolled and unexpected event that can cause injury to workers and damage to properties Injury: Harmful condition sustained by the body as a result of an accident Fatal injury: Death occurring up to a year after accident Major injury: Type of harm which causes permanent or prolonged impairment of the body

3. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION Successful safety programs depend on: Leadership by the management Safe and healthful working conditions Safe work practices by employees Top management cannot delegate responsibility in safety Management must: Be willing to accept the responsibility of occupational safety and health as an integral part, of their jobs Establish safety policies Stimulate awareness of safety in others Show their own interests Front line supervisor: Bears the greatest responsibility for implementing safety and health programs Must be given appropriate training ' support, assistance and authority

5. Heinrich 90 % of accident do not cause any injury (near misses) Determine and eliminate the causes of near misses to avoid accident Near misses provide information in preventing accidents Domino or sequential theory.... The natural culmination of a series, of events or circumstances one is dependent on another and one follows another, thus constituting a sequence that may he compared with a row of donlinoes placed or end and, in such alignment in relation to one another that the fall of the first domino precipitates the, fall of the entire row." Accident prevention programs can be worked out by removing one of the factors that leads up to it

6. The factors portrayed as dominoes were: 1. Ancestry and social environment 2.The fault of the person 3.An unsafe act and/or unsafe mechanical or physical environment 4.The accident 5.The injury Immediate causes of accidents 1.Unsafe act 2.Unsafe condition · General perception -- 90 % of accidents are related to unsafe acts and 10 % due to unsafe conditions. 70 % of accidents could have been prevented by management action

8. Japanese Central Council on Preventing Industrial Accidents lists seven leading unsafe acts as 1.violation or neglect of rules and regulations 2.sloppy liaison procedures 3.mishandling and/or misjudgment by equipment operators 4.carelessness 5.abuse or neglect of safety devices 6.irrational behavior 7.unsafe job performance due to physical handicap Seven leading causes of accidents a.physiological causes b.psychological causes C.management errors d. poor training e. unsafe equipment or work environment f. insufficient skill g. socio-cultural factors

10. HAZARD RECOGNITION Identify all the hazards in order to prevent accidents and to control losses Accident prevention represents a form of control : 1. Control of the workers' performance 2. Control of the tools and machines 3. Control of the working environment Causes of accidents : 1. Unsafe condition (environmental) 2. Unsafe act (behavioristic) There is no single cause of an accident There are underlying contributing factors leading up to it Accident is caused by a series of errors on the part of a worker, co- workers, or the supervisor combined with poor design, poor maintenance, the condition within the plant itself or the ill- conceived layout of a job or process.

11. Key To Accident Prevention Determining The Cause Preventing recurrences

12. THE UNSAFE ACT Any act on the part of a person which will increase his or her chances of having an accident Many workers take unnecessary risks on the job because they believe they will not have an accident - it can't happen to me · Negative reinforcement E.g. Drivers who violate traffic rules They have been 'rewarded' for unsafe driving behavior in two ways 1. They have achieved whatever their goal was 2. They have had no accidents and are thus still alive · The more reinforcement they have succeeded in careless methods, the more reinforcement they seem to have received

14. To determine unsafe act : a. What did someone do or fail to do b. Was the injured employee following procedure C. What specific task need to be eliminated or added to prevent a recurrence? Most commonly found unsafe acts : 1. Using broken or defective hand tools 2. Not wearing the prescribed personal protective equipment 3. Not following safety procedures or obeying the safety rules 4. Poor housekeeping practices on the part of the worker around the work place 5. Careless attitudes and ignorance Many unsafe acts occur because workers were not properly trained or motivated by their supervisors · Certain actions in some situations will increase chances of accidental injuries

15. THE UNSAFE CONDITION Condition within the working environment which increases the worker's chances of having an accident Greatest contributors of unsafe conditions are the actions of the employees Themselves Unsafe condition : 1. The mechanical and the physical condition of the equipment (unguarded moving machine parts) 2. Condition of the walking and working surfaces (defective floors and aisles) 3. Illumination, ventilation, sound, vibration, toxic fumes, Categories of unsafe conditions : 1. The action or inaction of the workers at the workplace 2. The deterioration of tools, machines and equipment due to normal wear and tear 3. Poor or inadequately designed tools, machines and operating equipment. 4. The omission of safety features during the engineering or maintenance of the equipment

16. Contributing Causes of Accidents Those acts or conditions which led up to the cause of the accident, but in themselves were not the determining cause of the accident Examples : a. Inadequate codes or standards b. Failure by management to enforce safety rules C.Faulty design or lack of maintenance d.Inadequate personal protective equipment S trong management team and a cooperative safety minded workforce to control the contributing factors

18. THE ANATOMY OF AN ACCIDENT Contributing Causes Immediate Causes The Accident The Results Of The Accidents

19. CONTRIBUTING CAUSES Supervisory safety performance a. safety instructions inadequate b. safety rules not enforced C. safety not planned into the job d. infrequent employee safety contacts e. hazards left uncorrected f. safety devices and equipment not provided Mental Condition of Worker a. Lack of safety awareness and training b. Lack of coordination C. Improper attitude d. Slow mental reaction e. Inattention f. Lack of emotional stability g. Nervousness h. Temperament

20. …continue Physical condition of worker a. Extreme fatigue b. Deafness C. Poor eyesight d. Heart condition e. High blood pressure f. Lack of physical qualifications for the job

21. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS Unsafe Acts a.Protective equipment or safety equipment provided but not used b.Hazardous method of handling materials (wrong lifting method, loose grip etc.) C.Improper use of tools or equipment although proper tools were available d. Hazardous movement (running, jumping, throwing, etc.) e. Horseplay Unsafe Conditions a. Ineffective safety device b. Safety device required but not provided c. Poor housekeeping (material on floor, stacking, storage, congestion on aisles) d. Defective equipment, tools, machines and electrical systems. e. Improper dress or apparel for job f. Improper or inadequate illumination, ventilation

22. THE ACCIDENT a. Struck by b. Struck against c. Caught in, on or between d. Fall from above e. Electrical contact f. Burn RESULTS OF THE ACCIDENTS a. Annoyance b. Production delays c. Reduced quality d. Spoilage e. Minor injury f. Disabling injury g. Fatality

24. ACCIDENT CONTROL STEPS Accident is an indicator that the management system is not functioning accident prevention program Control steps to be taken : a. Supervisory Safety Performance a. Job-hazard analysis b. Enforcement of safety rules C. Adequate safety knowledge d. Promotion of employee participation in the safety program e. Proper job placement f. Development of safety working condition

25. Mental Working Condition of Worker a. Daily safety contacts by the supervisor b. Adequate safety indoctrination and on the job safety training C. Safety promotion and publicity d. Regularly schedule safety meetings e. Employee participation in the safety program f. Adequate supervisor - employee communication on all matters concerning safety on the job Physical Condition of The Worker a. Pre-placement physical examinations b. Periodic examinations C.Proper job placements d. Adequate medical systems e. Recognition of physical limitations of workers newly placed on the job