UAV Conceptual Design Design of UAV Systems Objectives

UAV Conceptual Design Design of UAV Systems Objectives
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Objectives Lesson objective - to discuss UAV Conceptual Design including… What does it cover? What are the issues? Why are they important? Expectations - You will understand why early design phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies 3-1

Key technical issues addressed during this phase include:
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Overview Pre-concept design The very early work that establishes the general concept, what it should do and how it will be used Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the government) now done by customers and companies The product is usually a set of initial requirements and estimates of cost and schedule Key technical issues addressed during this phase include: Overall needs and objectives Concepts of operations Potential design solutions Initial cost and schedule Effectiveness estimates Analysis of alternatives “Products” of the pre-concept design phase 3-2

Key technical issues addressed during this phase include:
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Overview Conceptual design The next phase that starts with initial requirements and objectives and develops a preferred system concept and a plan to develop it The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design with enough technical, cost and risk information to convince your customer to select your concept Key technical issues addressed during this phase include: Substantiated needs and objectives Refined concepts of operations Preferred design solution Refined cost and schedule Refined effectiveness estimates Refined analysis of alternatives “Products” of the conceptual design phase 3-3

How do customers know what they need?
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Needs and objectives How do customers know what they need? Does somebody tell them? If so, who? Their boss? The government? The department of defense? USAF? Public documents? Research institutes? Contractors? Think tanks? Groups? Individuals? Others? 3-4

This is how the most successful design teams operate
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation The answer is not UAV unique How you find out what kind of UAVs your customers are interested in Read their documents Talk to them about their needs Help them discover needs they might not even know about Enabled by new technology Enabled by new concepts Enabled by new integration This is how the most successful design teams operate If you wait for a customer to tell you his needs in a specification or request for proposal it may be too late Somebody else may have already sold them on their solution! 3-5

Concept of operations (ConOps) definition(s)
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation ConOps Concept of operations (ConOps) definition(s) How something is used or operated Typically associated with military systems but also applicable to commercial systems. The name of a document used to describe how a system should be operated, e.g. …describes the approach to deployment, employment, and operation of a new or upgraded system or capability being advocated to meet identified tasks or missions. CONOPS are not limited to single systems but can rely on other systems and organizations, as required. We will use the first definition – determining how something is used or operated vs. a ConOps document 3-6

CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR ENDURANCE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Example - ConOps document CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR ENDURANCE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES 3 Dec Version 2 This Concept of Operations (CONOPS) describes the operational employment of various classes of Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This CONOPS will provide an overview of the principal endurance UAV components and organizations, the intended operational environment, and the primary command and control relationships and responsibilities. It also provides a framework for the development of theater-specific concepts of employment and operations planning documents. 3-7

A UAV ConOps is a functional description of the overall UAV system
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Another way to think about it Generally here are two ways to describe a product: 1. Physical description - what something looks like, a drawing or words that describe physical features such as lengths, weights, shapes, etc. 2. Functional description - how something operates, a block diagram, pictures or words that tell the reader how a product works and how it fits in with other products A UAV ConOps is a functional description of the overall UAV system 3-8

This is what we do during conceptual design
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Design solutions During the pre-concept design, there is no need to develop a preferred design solution. This is what we do during conceptual design During pre-concept design, it is only necessary to develop a reasonable design solution. It must be good enough to support technology readiness, cost, risk and schedule estimates Customers should avoid the temptation to specify the design solution during pre-concept design Customers usually get what they ask for It may not be the best answer 3-9

Cost and schedule Design of UAV Systems
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Cost and schedule The technical work done during pre-concept and conceptual design establishes the initial cost and schedule estimate that the project will have to live with for the rest of its life 3-10

Typically associated with the field of Operations Analysis Example -
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Effectiveness Effectiveness A quantified measure of how well something works Typically associated with the field of Operations Analysis Example - This analysis was conducted to determine which of the systems concepts showed the greatest potential for enhancing space operations, and which of their embedded technologies have the highest leverage. The analytical expertise was provided by the Department of Operational Sciences at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT); technology assessments were done by the 2020 Technology Team and practical operational judgments were provided by Air War College and Air Command and Staff College faculty and students. A Value Model was developed based on Joint Space Doctrine to quantify and compare different systems' contributions to various space capabilities. The overall goal of operational analysis was to rank systems and their technologies in a way that was traceable. Thus, the model functioned as an aid to decision makers. 3-11

A way think about effectiveness
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation A way think about effectiveness Most engineers never even hear about “effectiveness” or “Operations Analysis” until their first day on the job. Then they find out how important it is and how it is used to make key technical and program decisions. Some engineers respond by finding out more about it and become successful systems engineers. Others conclude it is “black magic” or “funny numbers” and/or accept the results without challenge and never develop a system level perspective. Operational effectiveness assessments are key technical products produced during every design phase. Every good system level design engineer should understand and know how to apply them. 3-12

Analysis of alternatives
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Analysis of alternatives An objective assessment of other ways to do something besides the one you are proposing An analysis of the estimated costs and operational effectiveness of alternative systems to meet a mission need and the associated program for acquiring each alternative. Formerly known as cost and operational effectiveness analysis. A study conducted to provide support for acquisition decisions in the acquisition cycle. 3-13

Do UAVs always provide the best solution to meet customer needs for……?
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation UAV Alternatives Do UAVs always provide the best solution to meet customer needs for……? Intelligence collection Surveillance Reconnaissance Communication relay Strike Combat support Are they better than other ways of doing the job? Satellites Manned aircraft Expendable systems Careful analysis is required to answer the question 3-14

UAV Conceptual Design Design of UAV Systems Next subject
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Next subject Lesson objective - to discuss UAV Conceptual Design including… How is it different? What are the issues? Why are they important? Expectations - You will understand why early design phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies 3-15

Issues vary by element and…
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Issues vary by element and… Mission Control By Level of Control By Level of Autonomy By Control Function By Span of Control By Control Location Overall System By User By Application By Autonomy Level By System Architecture Air Vehicle By Category By Takeoff & Landing Mode By Propulsion Type By Size Payload Sensor Support Weapon Support & Logistics By Location By Provider By Function UAVs have a lot more concept design issues 3-16

User categories Design of UAV Systems Military Civil
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation User categories Military Civil Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-17

Military Applications
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Military Applications Predator (Tier II) Reconnaissance Attack Combat Support Signals intelligence collection Communications relay Etc. Flight Research 3-18

Military (cont’d) Design of UAV Systems And target drones…
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Military (cont’d) And target drones… 3-19

Civil Applications Design of UAV Systems Mapping Communications
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Civil Applications Mapping Communications Atmospheric Research Flight Research 3-20

System autonomy Design of UAV Systems Independent System
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation System autonomy Independent System Requires no other systems to operate anywhere in the world Dependent System Requires Ku Band or UHF SATCOM to operate beyond the horizon 3-21

System architecture Design of UAV Systems Integrated Dedicated
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation System architecture Integrated Dedicated Plus many other types and considerations 3-22

Performance requirements Communication architecture Type Coverage Cost
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation System concept issues Concept of operations System autonomy Span of control Tactics Performance requirements Communication architecture Type Coverage Cost Development Procurement Operations and support Effectiveness Pre-concept design focus - Requirements - Representative concepts - Projected cost and effectiveness Conceptual design focus - Requirements strategy - Preferred concept - Estimated cost and effectiveness 3-23

Design of UAV Systems System autonomy
Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation System autonomy During early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer system autonomy requirements and rationale 3-24

Design of UAV Systems Span of Control Single site control
Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Span of Control Single site control Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Multi-site control During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer span of control requirements and rationale 3-25

Example - Global Hawk tactics for survivability
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Tactics Example - Global Hawk tactics for survivability During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand and develop tactics that take advantage of the inherent characteristics of their preferred design approach 3-26

Performance requirements
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Performance requirements During the early phases winning teams work with customers to refine performance requirements to optimize cost, effectiveness and risk 3-27

Communications issues
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Communications issues Type of communications Military Dedicated Shared Relayed Commercial Terrestrial SATCOM Frequency HF UHF VHF Ku band Ka band Format Analog Digital Bandwidth Narrow Wide Continuous On demand Area coverage Local Line of sight Over the horizon Survivability Probability of intercept Redundancy Not covered Covered in detail in Lesson 9 3-28

Example Design of UAV Systems Over the horizon Line of sight
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Example Over the horizon Line of sight 3-29

The cost of developing a system Considered a “non-recurring” cost
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Life cycle cost Development cost The cost of developing a system Considered a “non-recurring” cost Occurs only once (hopefully) + Procurement cost The cost to buy a system once it is developed Includes a lot of “recurring” cost Costs incurred every time a system is produced + Operations and support cost The cost to maintain and operate a system after purchase Includes the cost of maintaining crew proficiency Excludes the cost of combat operations 3-30

Customers want this to be as small as possible
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Cost issues Development cost Customers want this to be as small as possible New systems are expensive Most of the cost is associated with risk reduction, engineering and test Programs need “margin” to cover uncertainty Procurement cost This cost is sensitive to procurement quantity Repetitive tasks become more efficient Also sensitive to the size and complexity Aircraft empty weight, speed and capability are the major cost drivers Operations and support cost Most of the life cycle cost of an aircraft is the “O&S” O&S cost can be reduced by good up-front design 3-31

Issues vary by type UAV Types
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Issues vary by type UAV Types Mission Control Types By Level of Control By Level of Autonomy By Control Function By Span of Control By Control Location Overall System Types By User/Application By Mission Capability By Autonomy Level By Communication Architecture Payload Types Sensor Support Weapon Support & Logistics Types By Location By Provider By Function Air Vehicle Types By Category By Takeoff and Land Mode By Propulsion Type By Size By Other Characteristics 3-32

Air Vehicle Categories
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Air Vehicle Categories Tilt wing/rotor Fixed wing Tail Sitters Rotary wing Free wing ttp:// 3-33

Takeoff Modes Design of UAV Systems Vertical takeoff
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Takeoff Modes Vertical takeoff Conventional takeoff Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Assisted takeoff Short takeoff 3-34

Launch modes Design of UAV Systems Rail launched Tube launched UAV but
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Launch modes Rail launched Tube launched UAV but www: UAVs could be launched this way Air launched 3-35

Landing modes Design of UAV Systems Conventional landing
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Landing modes Conventional landing Arrested landing Vertical landing Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-36

Propulsion types Design of UAV Systems Electric - solar Turboprop
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Propulsion types Electric - solar (AeroVironment Helios) Turboprop Allison 250 (Bell Eagle Eye) Piston engine Rotax 912 (GA Predator) Turbojet/fan Williams F121 (Tacit Rainbow) Ram/Scramjet (NASA HyperX) 3-37

…plus rockets Design of UAV Systems Pegasus Hunter CL-289 Scarab
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation …plus rockets Pegasus Hunter CL-289 Scarab 3-38

Sizes Design of UAV Systems Large Medium Micro Small
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Sizes Large Medium Micro Small Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-39

Survivability types Design of UAV Systems Stealth Conventional
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Survivability types Stealth Conventional 3-40

Air vehicle concept issues
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Air vehicle concept issues Configuration Manufacturing concept Size Subsystems concept Pre-concept design focus - Requirements - Representative concepts - Projected cost and effectiveness Conceptual design focus - Requirements strategy - Preferred concept - Estimated cost and effectiveness Weight Signature level More on this subject in lessons 13 through 21 3-41

Issues vary by type Design of UAV Systems Mission Control Types
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Issues vary by type Mission Control Types By Level of Control By Level of Autonomy By Control Function By Span of Control By Control Location Overall System Types By User/Application By Mission Capability By Autonomy Level By Communication Architecture Payload Types Sensor Support Weapon Support & Logistics Types By Location By Provider By Function Air Vehicle Types By Takeoff and Land Mode By Propulsion Type By Size 3-42

UAV Tactical Control System (TCS) Definitions
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Levels of control UAV Tactical Control System (TCS) Definitions Level 1 - Receipt and transmission of secondary imagery or data. Level 2 - Receipt of imagery or data directly from the UAV. Level 3 - Control of the UAV payload. Level 4 - Control of the UAV, less takeoff and landing. Level 5 - Full function and control of the UAV to include takeoff and landing. Source - 3-43

Design of UAV Systems Levels of autonomy Direct control
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Levels of autonomy Direct control Flight path control Supervised control Fully autonomous UAV Annual Report FY 1997 DarkStar Control stick d/dt,dh/dt and dV/dt Attack return etc. …or Navigation Control 3-44

Control Functions Design of UAV Systems Launch and Recovery
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Control Functions Launch and Recovery Mission Planning Mission and Payload Management Information Processing and Dissemination 3-45

Design of UAV Systems Span of control Multi-System System Unique
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Span of control System Unique Multi-System 3-46

Design of UAV Systems Control Location Ground Rear Area Sea Forward
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Control Location Ground Rear Area Forward Area Sea Air Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-47

Mission control concept issues
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Mission control concept issues Vehicle control concept Site requirements Manpower requirements Payload control concept Overall size Pre-concept design focus - Requirements - Representative concepts - Projected cost and effectiveness Conceptual design focus - Requirements strategy - Preferred concept - Estimated cost and effectiveness Weapon control concept Product exploitation concept More on this subject in lesson 10 3-48

Issues vary by type Design of UAV Systems Mission Control Types
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Issues vary by type Mission Control Types By Level of Control By Level of Autonomy By Control Function By Span of Control By Control Location Overall System Types By User/Application By Mission Capability By Autonomy Level By Communication Architecture Payload Types Sensor Support Weapon Air Vehicle Types By Takeoff and Land Mode By Propulsion Type By Size Support & Logistics Types By Location By Provider By Function 3-49

Sensor and Support Payloads
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Sensor and Support Payloads Primary Types : Electro-Optical Radar Communications DarkStar TUAV Modular Payloads Preferred Predator 3-50

Payloads Cont’d Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues
c LM Corporation Payloads Cont’d 3-51

Weapon Payloads Air-to-Ground Powered Glide Very Small
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Weapon Payloads Air-to-Ground Powered Glide JSOW Small Large LOCASS Very Small 3-52

Possible but not planned
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Weapons Payloads Air-to-Air Possible but not planned 3-53

Payload concept issues
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Payload concept issues Sensor type(s) Wide area Spot Targeting Weather effects Weapon type(s) Unguided Platform guided Off board guided Self guided Pre-concept design focus - Requirements - Representative concepts - Projected cost and effectiveness Conceptual design focus - Requirements strategy - Preferred concept - Estimated cost and effectiveness Overall sizes Aperture requirements Power and cooling requirements More on this subject in lesson 11 3-54

UAV Types Design of UAV Systems Mission Control Types
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation UAV Types Mission Control Types By Level of Control By Level of Autonomy By Control Function By Span of Control By Control Location Overall System Types By User/Application By Mission Capability By Autonomy Level By Communication Architecture Payload Types Sensor Support Weapon Air Vehicle Types By Takeoff and Land Mode By Propulsion Type By Size Support & Logistics Types By Location By Provider By Function 3-55

Support Functions Design of UAV Systems Maintenance
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Support Functions Maintenance Fuel and Weapons Loading Transport, Storage and Logistics Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Weapons Airframe Engine Avionics 3-56

Design of UAV Systems Support Locations Main Base Forward Base
UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Support Locations Main Base Forward Base Emergency Base 3-57

Support Concept Support Concept
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Support Concept Support Concept Contractor Organic 3-58

Support concept issues
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Support concept issues Maintenance concept Repair vs. replace Organic vs. contractor Active duty vs. reserve Deployability Self deploy Air transport Surface transport Support equipment requirements Pre-concept design focus - Requirements - Representative concepts - Projected cost and effectiveness Conceptual design focus - Requirements strategy - Preferred concept - Estimated cost and effectiveness Manpower requirements Peacetime Usage Flown Stored Pre-positioned More on this subject in lesson 12 3-59

Why early phases are so important
Design of UAV Systems Introduction to Conceptual Design c LM Corporation Why early phases are so important Pre-concept design Key technical issues addressed during this phase include: Overall needs and objectives Concepts of operation Representative design concepts Initial cost and schedule Effectiveness estimates Analysis of alternatives The technical work done during the pre-concept design phase establishes the initial cost and schedule estimate that the project will have to live with for the rest of its life The product of this phase is a set of initial requirements and projected cost, risk and schedule 3-60

Raymer - Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach
Design of UAV Systems UAV Conceptual Design Issues c LM Corporation Recommended reading Raymer - Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach Chapter 1 (2 pages) : Design - A Separate Discipline 1.1 - What is Design 1.2 - Introduction to the Book Chapter 2 (11 pages) : Overview of the Design Process 2.1 - Introduction 2.2 - Phases of Aircraft Design 2.3 - Aircraft Conceptual Design Process 2.4 - Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design 3-61

Design of UAV Systems Intermission UAV Conceptual Design Issues
c LM Corporation Intermission 3-62

UAV Conceptual Design Design of UAV Systems Objectives

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