1. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Development
Chapter 8
Systems development involves creating new systems or modifying existing business systems. After studying this chapter, you should be able to address the objectives on the next 3 slides.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Effective systems development requires a team effort of stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel, and it starts with careful planning.
Identify the key participants in the systems development process and discuss their roles.
Define the term information systems planning and list several reasons for initiating a systems project.
Effective systems development starts with effective planning and requires a team of people working together.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

3. Principles and Learning Objectives
Systems development often uses different approaches and tools such as traditional development, prototyping, rapid application development, end-user development, computer-aided software engineering, and object-oriented development to select, implement, and monitor projects.
Discuss the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of the traditional, prototyping, rapid application development, and end-user systems development life cycles.
Discuss the use of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools and the object-oriented approach to systems development.
There are different ways to develop information systems, each having strengths and weaknesses in different contexts. Systems development tools and approaches continually evolve as applications and the environment change.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

4. Principles and Learning Objectives
Systems development starts with investigation and analysis of existing systems.
State the purpose of systems investigation.
Discuss the importance of performance and cost objectives.
State the purpose of systems analysis and discuss some of the tools and techniques used in this phase of systems development.
The first two stages of systems development, investigation and analysis, are the addressed in Chapter 12.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

5. Principles and Learning Objectives
Designing new systems or modifying existing ones should always be aimed at helping an organization achieve its goals.
State the purpose of systems design and discuss the differences between logical and physical systems design.
Outline key steps taken during the design phase.
Define the term RFP and discuss how this document is used to drive the acquisition of hardware and software.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

6. Principles and Learning Objectives
The primary emphasis of systems implementation is to make sure that the right information is delivered to the right person in the right format at the right time.
State the purpose of systems implementation and discuss the various activities associated with this phase of systems development.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

7. Principles and Learning Objectives
Maintenance and review add to the useful life of a system but can consume large amounts of resources, so they benefit from the same rigorous methods and project management techniques applied to systems development.
State the importance of systems and software maintenance and discuss the activities involved.
Describe the systems review process.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

8. An Overview of Systems Development
Information systems are so critical to organizations, that their success or failure can mean the success or failure of the entire organization. Managers and staff in all functional areas not only use information systems, but also participate in their development. It is important to understand how information systems are developed so that you can participate in their design and development.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

9. Top Uses for New Systems in Various Industries
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

10. Participants in Systems Development
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

11. Information Systems Planning
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

12. Systems Development Life Cycles and Approaches
Since it is an ongoing process, the systems development process is also called the systems development life cycle, or SDLC. While a system is built, there are various deadlines and deliverables. But even after it is installed and accepted, the life of the system continues as it is maintained. Eventually, most information systems will be retired, and the cycle starts over to replace them.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

13. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
The Traditional SDLC
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

14. Prototyping is an Iterative Approach to Systems Development
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

15. Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Employs tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to speed application development.
Joint Application Development (JAD) - RAD makes extensive use of this for data collection and requirements analysis.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

16. Advantages and Disadvantages of RAD
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

17. Use of Project Management Tools
Project schedule
Project milestone
Project deadline
Critical path
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Gantt chart
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

18. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Gantt Chart
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

19. Selected Project Management Software
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

20. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
Automate many of the tasks required in a systems development effort and enforce adherence to the SDLC, thus instilling a high degree of rigor and standardization to the entire systems development process
Upper-CASE tools - CASE packages that focus on activities associated with the early stages of systems development.
Lower-CASE tools - focus on the later stages of systems development and are capable of automatically generating structured program code.
Integrated-CASE tools - provide links between upper- and lower-CASE packages.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

21. Object-Oriented Systems Development
Identify potential problems and opportunities within the organization that would be appropriate for the OO approach
Define the kind of system users require
Design the system
Program or modify modules
Evaluation by users
Periodic review and modification
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

22. Use Case Diagram for a Kayak Rental Application
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

23. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Development Maturity Based on the Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

24. Systems Investigation
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

25. Systems Investigation
Attempts to answer the following questions:
What primary problems might a new or enhanced system solve?
What opportunities might a new or enhanced system provide?
What new hardware, software, databases, or procedures will improve an existing system?
What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)?
What are the associated risks?
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

26. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Feasibility Analysis
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

27. Systems Investigation Report
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

28. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Analysis
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

29. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Analysis
Data collection - seeks additional information about the problems
Data Analysis - manipulates collected data so that it is usable for the development team
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

30. Internal and External Sources of Data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

31. The Steps in Data Collection
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

32. Data and Activity Modeling
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

33. Requirements Analysis
Asking directly
Determining critical success factors (CSFs)
Developing the IS plan
Requirements analysis identifies user, stakeholder, and organizational needs for the new or modified system. This involves studying problems they are having with the current system and improvements they suggest.
When a system is clear-cut and users clearly understand their needs for the new system, asking them to tell you works well. However, when needs aren’t so clear, the systems analyst must find other ways to elicit requirements.
One approach asks mangers to list factors that are absolutely critical to the success of their mission – such as availability of raw materials, a customer list, or knowing the location of each technician reporting to him. The analyst can use these critical success factors to determine the outputs the system should provide. Inputs, processing, and performance details could then be determined.
The IS plan addresses long-term IS requirements. If this is referred to when identifying requirements for a specific system, it is more likely that the system will fit into the long-term plan.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

34. The Systems Analysis Report
The report should cover the following:
The strengths and weaknesses of the existing system from a stakeholder’s perspective
The user/stakeholder requirements for the new system (also called the functional requirements)
The organizational requirements for the new system
A description of what the new information system should do to solve the problem
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

35. Converting Organizational Goals into Systems Requirements
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

36. A Typical Table of Contents for a Report on an Existing System
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

37. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Design
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

38. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Design
Logical design - involves planning the purpose of each system element.
Physical design - refers to how the tasks are accomplished, including how the components work together and what each component does.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

39. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Request for Proposal
One of the most important documents generated during systems development.
Results in a formal bid that is used to determine who gets a contract for new or modified systems.
Specifies in detail required resources.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

40. A Typical Table of Contents for a Request for Proposal
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

41. Advantages and Disadvantages of Acquisition Options
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

42. Freezing Design Specifications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

43. A Typical Table of Contents for a Systems Design Report
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

44. Systems Implementation
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

45. Typical Steps in Systems Implementation
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

46. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Types of Testing
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

47. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Start-up Approaches
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

48. Systems Maintenance and Review
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

49. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Systems Maintenance
Reasons for program maintenance include:
Changes in business processes
New requests from stakeholders, users, and managers
Bugs or errors in the program
Technical and hardware problems
Corporate mergers and acquisitions
Government regulations
Change in the operating system or hardware on which the application runs
Unexpected events, like the terrorist attacks of September
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

50. Examples of Review Types
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

51. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Summary
Systems development team - consists of stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel.
Five phases of the traditional SDLC - investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance and review.
Systems investigation - designed to assess the feasibility of implementing solutions for business problems.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

52. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition
Summary
Systems analysis - the examination of existing systems, which begins once approval for further study is received from management.
Systems design – purpose is to prepare the detailed design needs for a new system or make modifications to an existing one.
Systems implementation - to install a system and make everything, including users, ready for its operation.
Systems maintenance - involves checking, changing, and enhancing the system to make it more useful in obtaining user and organizational goals.
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition