1. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-1 Understanding research

2. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-2 Types of data Quantitative numerical data Qualitative non-numerical data

3. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-3 Quantitative studies Descriptive Correlational Experimental

4. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-4 Research questions Descriptive “How many students are involved in extracurricular activities?” Correlational “Do students involved in extracurricular activities have higher grades than those students not involved in extracurricular activities?” Experimental “Will joining two extracurricular activities affect students’ grades?”

5. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-5 Qualitative studies In-depth look at certain characteristics or behaviors Essentially descriptive

6. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-6 Interpreting research results Consider alternative explanations Draw causal inferences only from experimental data

7. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-7 Theories Integrated set of concepts and principles

8. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-8 Collecting data and drawing conclusions

9. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-9 Assessment practices Collecting data about student learning Formal or informal measures

10. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-10 Action research Systematic study in one’s own school Goal = “taking action” more effective strategies in working with students

11. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-11 Strategies How can you use research to guide your teaching practices?

12. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-12 General principles of human development

13. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-13 Development = changes occurring throughout the lifespan orderly adaptive Maturation Defining Development

14. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-14 General Principles Development is orderly and predictable Children develop at different rates Development occurs in spurts and plateaus Heredity and environment interact Hmmm, what do we call this in psychology?

15. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-15 The brain

16. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-16 Neurons Communicate across synapses release of neurotransmitters Grouped for specialized function

17. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-17 The Brain and Learning Learning involves changes in neurons and synapses Changes in the brain enable development of thought processes synaptogenesis & pruning myelination Many parts of the brain work in harmony The brain is adaptable throughout life

18. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-18 Piaget’s Basic Assumptions Children are active, motivated learners. Children construct knowledge from experience. Children learn through assimilation and accommodation. Interaction with physical and social environments is essential. Equilibration promotes progression toward increasingly complex thought. Children think in qualitatively different ways at different ages.

19. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-19 Stages of Cognitive Development Piaget proposed that children move through four stages. Periods of time are consistent in age and developmental sequence. Age ranges are averages. Some children are in transition from one stage to the next.

20. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-20 Piaget’s Stages Sensorimotor stage (birth-2) Preoperational (2 – 6/7) Concrete operational (6/7 – 11/12) Formal Operational Does research support Piaget’s viewpoint?

21. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-21 Vygotsky’s theory: Sociocultural perspective

22. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-22 Key Ideas Adults convey cultural interpretations through informal interactions & formal schooling mediation Every culture passes along physical and cognitive tools Thought & language become interdependent self-talk becomes inner speech Complex mental processes begin as social activities & evolve into mental activities internalization Children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted Challenging tasks promote cognitive growth zone of proximal development Play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively

23. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-23 Zone of Proximal Development

24. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-24 Extensions and Applications Social construction of meaning mediated learning experience Scaffolding Guided participation in adult activities Apprenticeships Dynamic assessment

25. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-25 Language development

26. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-26 Theoretical Issues Children use what they hear to construct their own understanding of language Humans are born with predispositions to learn language language acquisition device? sensitive periods

27. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-27 Trends During the School Years Vocabulary increases inferring meaning from context often imprecise Syntax becomes more sophisticated learned via formal instruction New definition of “listening” emphasis on comprehension Refined understanding of pragmatics Increase in metalinguistic awareness

28. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-28 Learning a Second Language Early exposure may be important especially if languages are different facilitates academic achievement Benefits of bilingualism greater phonological awareness higher scores on tests of intelligence and creativity helps to close cultural gap opportunities for more social interaction

29. Educational Psychology, 7 th edition Jeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-29 Teaching a Second Language Immersion second language used almost exclusively in the classroom Bilingual education intensive instruction in second language academic subjects taught in native language