1. Gender and Families Family Sociology FCST 342

2. Gender & Families Individuals and families are influenced by larger social forces that we may not always notice Today we focus on three critical dimensions of families Gender Race/ethnicity

3. Gender & Families The distinction between male and female, masculine and feminine is basic to the study of families   All societies exhibit a sharp distinction between what women and men do in families   All cultures have a family division of labor based on gender

4. Gender Theory Gender theory argues that differences between men and women are socially constructed. Emphasizes culture, rather than biology. In other words being feminine or masculine is learned and created through our social interactions

5. Sex & Gender Sociologists distinguish between sex and gender Sex: refers to the biological attributes that distinguish females from males such as: chromosomes, hormones, and anatomical apparatus Gender: refers to the cultural and social meanings, experiences, and characteristics that are defined as appropriate for females and males i.e. different clothing, expectations of who can cry

6. Gender Theory Because gender is a SOCIAL construction it is fluid or always changing Then….

7. Gender Theory Because gender is a SOCIAL construction it is fluid or always changing Because gender is a SOCIAL construction it is fluid or always changing Now…

8. Sex is a biological creation Gender is a social creation Sociologists argue that gender is “socially constructed” or created In other words men and women learn many masculine and feminine behaviors though socialization Sex & Gender

9. Social Construction of Gender Why do sociologists argue that gender is socially constructed? 1)Expectations of each gender vary from society to another Example: In Pakistan it is common for male friends to hold hands but this is not common among American men. 2)Gender behaviors vary within one culture at different points in time Example: Men’s fashions in 17 th century America were much more “feminine” compared to men’s fashions today.

10. Social Construction of Gender Why do sociologists argue that gender is socially constructed? 3) The meanings of masculinity and femininity change over the course of a person’s life. Example: The meaning of femininity changes as women age – compare pre-pubescent girls to women who are of childbearing age or who are postmenopausal 4) Meaning of gender varies among different groups within a particular culture at a given point in time. Example: Gender behaviors may be structured by class, race, ethnicity, age, region of the country etc.

11. Sociological Perspectives on Gender How are gender roles acquired & how is gender constructed? Gender role approach focuses on the how parents, and other social institutions transmit gendered expectations about appropriate behavior through socialization Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire society’s norms and values Socialization is a life long process

12. Sociological Perspectives on Gender West and Zimmerman ‘Doing Gender’ Argue that we need to be continually “resocialized” into gender roles or reminded how to act like a man or act like a woman Gender is produced through interaction For example: in families – doing housework is “doing gender” Men and women reinforce gender roles by doing gender appropriate household work

13. Sociological Perspectives on Gender West and Zimmerman ‘Doing Gender’ They argue that gender is a “routine accomplishment” embedded in every day interaction In other words, we are continually acting out being a man or being a woman in social situations Gender emerges from an interaction or a social situation

14. Sociological Perspectives on Gender West and Zimmerman ‘Doing Gender’ Can you think of an example when you were doing gender: I was doing gender when:

15. Doing Gender in Families http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_21434.aspx

16. Doing Gender?

18. Paid Work, Gender & Families After rising for several decades, the labor force participation rate for women has shown no growth in recent years The participation rate for adult men has drifted down over time. Mothers with older children have highest labor force participation rate

20. According to the most recent figures: the unemployment rate: According to the most recent figures: the unemployment rate: for men: 27% up from 20% in 1970 for men: 27% up from 20% in 1970  for women 40.5% decreased from 57% in 1970 The latest figures on unemployment 2008 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment and earnings online January Retreived from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/labor_force_employment_earnings/labor_force_status.html,http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/labor_force_employment_earnings/labor_force_status.html September 24, 2010

23. Male dominance in government has declined only recently Before 1992, there had never been more than 2 women among our 100 U.S. senators. As of 2007, 16 women in the Senate (out of 100) 71 women in House of Representatives (out of 435) http://womenincongress.house.gov/profiles/index.html The former Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, is a woman! Now she has been replaced by a man Only 16 percent of the U.S. Congress are women Source: History News Networkhttp://hnn.us/roundup/entries/33847.html

24. Male dominance in government has declined only recently A recent set of polls conducted BEFORE the presidential election found: 67 - 71 percent believe the U.S. is ready to elect a woman president Over 74 percent believe the U.S, is ready to elect an African/American/black candidate Source: http://www.pollingreport.com/politics.htm://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/Facts/Elections/pre s08_polls/Gallup_6in10.pdf

25. Sociological Perspectives on Gender Another prominent ways that patriarchy or male dominance is reinforced is through linguistic sexism. Examples: Men are referred to as Mr. This title reveals nothing about a man’s relationship to a women Women are referred to as Miss and Mrs. (and Ms.) which define women in terms of their relationship with a man Women still continue to be subsumed under their husbands names for example, Mrs. John Smith

26. Sociological Perspectives on Gender Taking your husbands name …. Some argue – it is just easier if couple and children have the same name – Others argue - isn’t changing your name on all legal documents confusing and time consuming? And why is it almost always women who change their names to their husbands’ name? This is a holdover from older patriarchal customs

27. Summary Acting in gender appropriate ways reinforces gender differences   Sociologists argue that gender is socially constructed through economic and social constraints on women’s behavior and their ability to achieve equality with men

28. Summary Gender is continuously constructed through everyday interaction Men’s power is embedded in the social structure Gender and families are intertwined Families are a social institution in which gender is socially constructed