1. Chapter 2 Words & Paradigms Morphology Lane 333

2. What is a word? It’s used in more than one way There is a major ambiguity in the term The same vocabulary (lexeme) is not always represented by the same form (map, maps) Lexeme is written in capital letters: MAP Grammatical word-form: italics: map, maps A lexeme falls into classes: noun, verb, preposition etc

3. Exercises 1. How many formally different grammatical word-froms does a typical English noun like ROOM or GILRL have? 2. How many different grammatical word-forms does a typical English verb like PLAY or SEEM have?

4. A paradigm A paradigm: when various grammatical forms of any given lexeme are grouped together and organized Singular numberPlural number Non-possessiveGirlGirls PossessiveGirl’sGirls’

5. A paradigm Paradigm of PLAY - present simpleplay - present 3 rd person singularplays - infinitive/imperativeplay - past simpleplayed - present participleplaying - past/passive participleplayed - How do you fit BEAT in the paradigm above?

6. Paradigms Paradigms may vary from lexical category to lexical category & from language to language e.g: Italian verbs have at least 51 forms Regular paradigm: a paradigm that fall into patterns with clear constructional principles & many lexemes follow the same pattern Irregular Paradigm: the constructional principles are obscure & a smaller number of lexemes follow it (BE paradigm) Subregular paradigms: a lexeme might have some different patterns

7. Morphological Class Morphological Class: different paradigms within a particular lexical category e.g: we have different noun classes in Italian Citation-from: the one with no other morphemes attached ‘ e.g, TO STRECH Being identical in sound, spelling or both doesn’t indicate that two words represent the same lexeme E.g, SMELL (noun) TO SMELL (verb)