1. Unit 5: The Industrial Revolution

2. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Warm-Up:
(1) Why do historians consider the Industrial Revolution a turning point in human history?
(2) Why do you think it is important to be industrialized?

3. Life Before the Industrial Revolution in England
Most people make their living as farmers
Simple hand tools are used
Most people live in farming villages
Most people have never traveled beyond their village
People work long hours that vary by season
Children work on the farm
People make their own clothes and grow their own food
Power is provided by animals, water mills, and windmills
Transportation is slow- animal drawn wagons and by foot

4. Industrialization
Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
Water power and coal to fuel the machines
Iron ore to build the machines
Large Food Supply due to Agricultural Revolution
Harbors from which merchants could set sail
Strong economy and political stability
Strong military/navy to protect trade
England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital, which were the resources needed to produce goods and services

5. Causes of the Industrial Revolution

6. 1. Agricultural Revolution
Wealthy landowners bought village farms and made changes to farming techniques Agricultural Revolution
Enclosures: large enclosed fields where landowners experimented with farming methods
Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the land
Selective Breeding

7. Changes in Agriculture
OUTCOMES:
Experimentation with farming techniques
Seed Drill (Jethro Tull)– planting in rows
Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to cities many became factory workers
Increase in food supplies improved living conditions increased population increased demand for food and goods

8. 2. Population increase
More food is available as a result of the Agricultural Revolution
Declining Death rates.
Better overall health=healthier babies
More people are looking for jobs as the enclosure movement and new technology has put farmers out of work

9. 3. New Technology Spinning Jenny Spinning Mule Power Loom Steam Engine
Textile industry technologies – the cottage industry could not keep up with demands for cloth
Spinning Jenny
Spinning Mule
Power Loom
Steam Engine

10. Inventions in the Textile Industry
Putting out system/slow, inefficient
Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) allowed a workers to spin 8 threads at one time
Inventions regarding water power to drive the spinning wheels in the 1770s and 1780s further increased the production of textiles
Spinning Jenny

11. Cotton Gin
England received its cotton from the American South and India, who had used slave labor to remove the seeds from cotton by hand
1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds
Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)

12. 4. Leaving the rural cottage industry
As population increases and new technologies are invented, people need jobs
Machines are too big for homes- Factories can produce more/cheaper goods

13. Factories Large buildings that housed textile machines
Owned by wealthy entrepreneurs:
People who organize, manage and takes on the risks of a business
Originally located on rivers and streams for waterpower

14. Manchester, England, 1851

15. German Factory, 1840

16. New Technology

17. Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Energy:
Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills
Steam engine (Thomas Newcomen) evolved in response to the increasing need for power
Steamboat (Robert Fulton) could move 5 mph.
Effect of Steam Engine:
Steam Power, used wherever coal existed, increased textile production
Improved mining which increased metal which in turn fueled other industries

18. Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Iron:
Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
New process of smelting iron (Abraham Darby)  Better quality/less expensive
Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon
The Need for Coal:
Carbon necessary for smelting iron
Steam engines powered by coal
Effect of Iron and Coal:
Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined
Coal powered Britain’s enormous navy.

19. Improvements in Transportation
Steam engine (1705)
Steamboat (1807) manmade canals for transportation
Improvements in roads in the 1800s
Railroad (1820), which would dominate industrial transportation in England
1st Railroad from Liverpool to Manchester
Cheap way to transport materials and finished products
Created jobs as railroad workers and miners (providing iron for the tracks)

20. Improvements in Transportation

21. Importance of Railroads
Spurred industrial growth
Cheap method of transportation
Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs
Boosted agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport goods to distant cities.
Distant jobs
Nationalism
Resorts in country sides

22. What do you see?

23. Ticket-Out-the-Door:
On a half piece of paper with your name on it answer the following questions. Make sure the TOD ends up in the bin before you leave.
What was society like before the Industrial Revolution? Provide examples.
What piece of technology do you think had the greatest impact?

24. Create a t-chart and brainstorm as many positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution as you can.
Positive
Negative

25. Slide #1:Urbanization
As fewer workers were needed on the farm, workers moved to the cities to find jobs in factories. Overcrowding and pollution increased.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?

26. Slide #2: Rise of a Working Class
In the cities, workers often found themselves working long hours for low pay and in dangerous factories. Many factory owners became rich while workers did not.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

27. Slide #3: Rise of a Working Class
There was a wide difference in wealth between the factory owners (haves) and the workers (the have nots)
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

28. Slide #4: New Roles for Children
While children used to work on the farm, many now worked in dangerous conditions in factories. They were prized by factory owners because they could fit into tight spots and would not complain.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

29. Slide #5: New Roles for Children
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

30. Slide #6:New Roles for Women
While women did chores on the farm, they were also able to take care of children during the day. During the Industrial Revolution, women would either work in the dangerous factories or stay home and take care of the children, thus becoming very dependent on men.
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

31. Slide #7: New Roles for Women
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

32. Child Labor POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ? 10 year boys Spinning machines
Barefoot
60 to 72 hour work week
Fix broken threads on the bobbins
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

33. Child Labor
9 yrs old
4 sides
48 cents
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

34. Francis Lane: 8yrs/pneumonia twice
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

35. Coal Miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

36. Coal Dust
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

37. 10 – 12 year old miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

38. Coal Mine driver: 11 yrs old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

39. Fishery 3:30am to 5:30pm
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

40. 8 years old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

41. London Factory Girls
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

42. Indiana factory 9pm
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

43. Glass factory 10 yrs old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

44. 5 yrs old / trolley jumper
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

45. Glass factory 2
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

46. Working Conditions Industrialization creates new jobs
Low pay/long hours
Factories dirty and unsanitary
Poor lighting/no heat/poor ventilation
Workers trying to keep pace with machines/no safety devices
Harsh and severe discipline
Child labor/women workers

47. Effects of Industrialization
Urbanization: After 1800 more people moved to cities rather than rural areas
Why?
The growth of the factory system brought people looking for jobs to the cities
This led to a population explosion in industrial cities

48. Living Conditions Masses of people migrated to cities
Cities not prepared
Tenements: multistory buildings broken into apartments
No running water, no heat, no sewage or sanitation system
Fire hazard
Frequent epidemics/poor ventilation/Cholera

49. Legislative Reform as a Result of the Industrial Revolution
Effect
The Factory Act
1833
Made it illegal to hire children under 9
Children 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hrs. a day
Children 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hrs. a day
The Mines Act
1842
Prevent women & children from working underground
The Ten Hour Act
1847
Limited workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories
US: The National Child Labor Committee
1904
Formed in order to end child labor
Employers Disability Act of 1880
Paid compensation to workers injured on the job

50. Impact of Industrialization
Growth of corporations: business owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for debts
Global Inequality: wider gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations imperialism
Imperialism: the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands
Growing gap between rich and poor

51. Industrial Class System
Upper Class: rich entrepreneurs, factory owners, merchants, bankers Upper Middle Class (Bourgeoisie): Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories Lower Middle Class: factory overseers, skilled workers, printers Working Class (Proletariat): Laborers

52. The Working Class Few ties to community in the city/lost, bewildered
Weavers and other skilled craftsmen resisted the new labor saving machines
Luddites: smashed and burned factories
Protests meet harsh repression
Spread of Methodism: new religious movement founded by John Wesley/ Sunday School/read and write/moral ways

53. The New Middle Class Benefited the most
Lived in solid well built homes
Dressed and ate well
Middle class women were encouraged to become ladies
Lady like activities/maids
Valued hard work/ No sympathy for the poor

54. CAPITALISM
vs.
COMMUNISM

57. Philosophers of Industrialization
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as they please” without government interference
Believed government regulation of business interfered with the production of wealth
Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership, in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit

58. Capitalism & Invisible Hand
Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest (produce what they want to produce)
Successful when businesses compete with one another for the consumer’s money
Producer’s goal: provide goods & services that are better quality and less expensive than their competitors
Consumer’s goal: compete with one another to purchase the best products at the lowest prices
Government should not interfere in the economy (laissez faire)

59. Philosophers of Industrialization
Thomas Malthus
MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food supply, so people would always be poor and miserable
David Ricardo – “Iron Law of Wages”
MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would always be poor because if there were many workers, their labor would always be cheap; as population increased, wages would decrease
Against government efforts to help the workers because they believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society

60. Philosophers of Industrialization
Jeremy Bentham
Philosophy of utilitarianism: believed government interference in business was only useful if they promoted the greatest good for the greatest number of people

61. Philosophers of Industrialization
Socialism:
Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
Believed that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on free-market capitalism
Government control of factories, mines, railroads, etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of greedy employers
Grew out of a concern for social justice
Smaller group: Utopians & Robert Owen

62. Philosophers of Industrialization
Karl Marx
German journalist who introduced radical socialism, or Marxism, to the world
Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided between the haves and have-nots
HAVES: Owners of production or bourgeoisie
HAVE-NOTS: Workers or proletariat
VS.

63. Communism
All great movements in history are a result of class struggles
Rich (Bourgeoisie-merchant class) take advantage of the poor
Belief that workers are exploited by employers
All workers (Proletariat-working classes) will one day unite against the upper-classes
Capitalism will eventually destroy itself resulting in a classless society

64. The Future According to Marx
Small number of manufacturers would control all the wealth
Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize factories and workers would share the profits, bringing about economic equality for all people
“dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually lead to a classless society, or communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production is owned by the people, all goods/services are shared equally and private property no longer exists

65. According to Marx, whoever owns the means of production has always controlled the government and society.

66. Marx believed that the proletariat in every country faced the same problem – Class struggle with the bourgeoisie.

67. “…Workers of the World Unite!”

68. Other Reforms
Unions: groups of voluntary workers who pressed for reforms in the 1800s, such as higher pay and shorter hours
Participated in collective bargaining, or negotiations between workers and they employers for better working conditions
If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse to work
Although many unions were initially outlawed, they eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of workers

69. Compare/Contrast Capitalism and Communism
Both

70. Ticket-Out-the-Door:
Why do you think the ideas of capitalism prevailed over communism in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
Why might the ideals of communism be appealing to some?
What is one question that you still have about the economic situation during the Industrial Revolution?

71. Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Long hours/low wages
Child labor
Pollution/burning of coal/water pollution
Lack of education
Unsafe working condition/machines have no safety devices
Poor ventilation/ lack of heat
Spread of diseases
Fire hazard/ crime/sanitation/sewers
Tenements and crowded living conditions

72. Positive Effects of the Industrial revolution
Improved transportation Railway Age
Steam engines railroads/ships
Rising standard of living
Better food
Affordability of consumer goods