1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:The Politics of the 1920s Section 2:Section 2:A Growing Economy Section 3:Section 3:A Clash of Values Section 4:Section 4:Cultural Innovations Section 5:Section 5:African American Culture Visual Summary

3. Chapter Intro Why Does Culture Change? In the 1920s, technology spurred economic growth and cultural change. Although not everyone approved, young people adopted new styles of dress, listened to jazz music, and had more independence than earlier generations. What technologies changed life in the 1920s? How do you think the invention of radio and movies changed popular culture?

4. Chapter Timeline

6. Chapter Intro 1 The Politics of the 1920s Why did the American people want life to return to the way it was before World War I?

7. Chapter Intro 2 A Growing Economy How did new industries contribute to economic growth?

8. Chapter Intro 3 A Clash of Values Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?

9. Chapter Intro 4 Cultural Innovations How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s?

10. Chapter Intro 5 African American Culture How did African Americans affect American society in the 1920s?

11. Chapter Preview-End

12. Section 1-Main Idea Big Ideas Economics and Society Government policies helped create prosperity in the 1920s.

13. Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary supply-side economics cooperative individualism isolationism Academic Vocabulary investigation revelation

14. Section 1-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Teapot Dome Charles G. Dawes Charles Evans Hughes Kellogg-Briand Pact

15. A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Are there any political scandals that have occurred during your lifetime? A.Yes B.No

16. Section 1 The Harding Administration President Harding staffed his administration with political friends from Ohio; his presidency was marred by many scandals.

17. Section 1 People applauded when the open, easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration replaced the quiet gloom of President Wilson’s last years. Harding made several distinguished appointments to the cabinet, as well as some disastrous ones. The Harding Administration (cont.) –He gave many cabinet posts and high- level jobs to friends and political allies from Ohio.

18. Section 1 –Some members used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution. Shortly after Harding died on August 2, 1923, news of the Forbes scandal broke. The Harding Administration (cont.) –The most famous scandal was known as the Teapot Dome. –Another Harding administration scandal involved Attorney General Harry Daugherty.

19. Section 1 Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding died. –He believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that part of his job as president was to make sure that government interfered with business and industry as little as possible. –He easily won the Republican nomination for president in 1924. The Harding Administration (cont.)

20. A.A B.B C.C Section 1 Which scandal involved the selling of scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals? A.The Forbes scandal B.The Teapot dome C.The Harry Daugherty scandal

21. Section 1 Policies of Prosperity During the 1920s, the government cut taxes and spending to encourage economic growth.

22. Section 1 Both Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover were responsible for policies that contributed to the economic growth and prosperity of the 1920s. When Mellon took office, he had three major goals: Policies of Prosperity (cont.) –Balance the budget –Reduce the government’s debt –Cut taxes Coolidge and Prosperity

23. Section 1 In 1921, Mellon convinced Congress to create both the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office. Mellon’s ideas about taxes are known today as supply-side economics, or “trickle- down” economics.supply-side economics Policies of Prosperity (cont.)

24. Section 1 Hoover tried to balance government regulation with his own philosophy of cooperative individualism. cooperative individualism –He believed this system would reduce costs and promote economic efficiency. Policies of Prosperity (cont.) To assist business, Hoover directed the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to find new markets for companies. –He also established the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission.

25. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Under Mellon’s leadership, the federal budget fell by approximately how much? A.$1 billion B.$3 billion C.$10 billion D.$15 billion

26. Section 1 Trade and Arms Control During the 1920s, the United States tried to promote peace and stability through economic policies and arms control agreements.

27. Section 1 By the 1920s, the United States was the dominant economic power in the world. The majority of Americans—tired of being entangled in the baffling, hostile, and dangerous politics of Europe—favored isolationism. isolationism Trade and Arms Control (cont.) Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the U.S. tried to promote peace by using economic policies and arms control agreements.

28. Section 1 It was vital for the United States that European economies be healthy so that the Europeans could buy American exports and repay their debts. –In 1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany that would enable it to make reparations payments. Trade and Arms Control (cont.)

29. Section 1 To end the weapons race, the U.S. invited representatives from eight major countries to Washington, D.C., to discuss disarmament. –In his address to the delegates, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of new warships. –He also proposed a list of warships in each country’s navy to be destroyed. Trade and Arms Control (cont.) The Washington Conference, November 1921–February 1922

30. Section 1 The discussions that followed produced the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty. On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Trade and Arms Control (cont.)

31. A.A B.B Section 1 After World War I, was the United States a debtor nation or a nation that was owed money from other countries? A.Debtor nation B.Owed money

32. Section 1-End

33. Section 2-Main Idea Big Ideas Economics and Society The United States experienced stunning economic growth during the 1920s.

34. Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary mass production assembly line Model T welfare capitalism open shop Academic Vocabulary disposable credit

35. Section 2-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Charles Lindbergh

36. A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question In general, does the availability of credit help or harm an individual? A.Help B.Harm

37. Section 2 The Rise of New Industries Mass production and the assembly line allowed new industries, such as automobile and airplane manufacturing, to grow.

38. Section 2 The automobile was just one part of a rising standard of living that Americans experienced in the 1920s. –Cars revolutionized American life. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) Changes, such as the 8-hour work week, took place because mass production increased supply and reduced costs.mass production

39. Section 2 First adopted by carmaker Henry Ford, the moving assembly line divided operations into simple tasks and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum.assembly line –Ford’s assembly-line product was the Model T. Model T –His business philosophy was: lower the cost per car and thereby increase the volume of sales. The Rise of New Industries (cont.)

40. Section 2 By the mid-1920s, other car manufacturers, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with Ford. Ford built up workers’ loyalty by doubling their pay and reducing the workday to eight- hour shifts. The Rise of New Industries (cont.)

41. Section 2 In response to rising disposable income, many other new goods came on the market.disposable –Products for the home, as well as those that were focused on fashion and youthful appearance, were popular. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) After Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first manned, powered flight in history in 1903, the aviation industry began developing rapidly. –Leading the way was American inventor Glenn Curtiss, inventor of the aileron.

42. Section 2 After Curtiss and other entrepreneurs started building practical aircraft, the federal government began to support the airline industry. –President Wilson’s postmaster general introduced the world’s first regular airmail service in 1918. The Rise of New Industries (cont.)

43. Section 2 The Kelly Act and the Air Commerce Act also helped the aviation industry. –Former airmail pilot Charles Lindbergh made an amazing transatlantic solo flight in 1927. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) In 1913, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer, invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long- range radio. –The radio industry began a few years later.

44. Section 2 In 1926, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) set up network stations to broadcast daily radio programs. –In 1928, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC. The Rise of New Industries (cont.)

45. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 By the end of 1928, how many airlines existed? A.2 B.24 C.48 D.100

46. Section 2 The Consumer Society Consumer credit and advertising helped to create a nation of consumers.

47. Section 2 One notable aspect of the economic boom was the growth of individual borrowing, or credit. credit To attract consumers, manufacturers turned to advertising, another booming industry in the 1920s. The Consumer Society (cont.) Growth of Consumer Debt, 1920–1933

48. Section 2 By the early 1920s, many industries had begun to create modern organizational structures. –The managerial revolution in companies created a new career—the professional manager. The Consumer Society (cont.) Due to rising wages and welfare capitalism, industrial workers were also members of the new consumer society.welfare capitalism

49. Section 2 During the 1920s, unions lost both influence and membership. –Employers promoted the open shop.open shop The Consumer Society (cont.) Many people were left out of the economic boom, such as: –African Americans –Native Americans Prosperity for Whom?

50. Section 2 –new immigrants –people in the Deep South The Consumer Society (cont.)

51. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 How did the managerial revolution add to the nation’s prosperity? A.It allowed companies to produce more products. B.It increased the size of the lower class. C.It increased the size of the middle class. D.It allowed the executives more time to create new products.

52. Section 2 The Farm Crisis Increases in farm productivity and decreases in foreign markets led to lower prices for farmers.

53. Section 2 American farmers did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s. Many factors contributed to this “quiet depression” in American agriculture: The Farm Crisis (cont.) –During the war, the government had urged farmers to produce more to meet the great need for food supplies in Europe.

54. Section 2 –After the war, European farm output rose, and the debt-ridden countries of Europe had little money to spend on American farm products. –Congress unintentionally made matters worse when it passed the Fordney- McCumber Act of 1922, which dramatically raised tariffs. The Farm Crisis (cont.)

55. Section 2 Some members of Congress tried to help the farmers sell their surplus by proposing the McNary-Haugen Bill. –President Coolidge vetoed it twice because he feared that farmers would produce more surpluses. The Farm Crisis (cont.)

56. A.A B.B C.C Section 2 On average, the American farmer earned how much less than rest of the economy? A.One-fourth B.One-third C.One-half

57. Section 2-End

58. Section 3-Main Idea Big Ideas Past and Present The struggles of the 1920s regarding immigration and proper behavior continue to affect current events.

59. Section 3-Key Terms Content Vocabulary nativism anarchist evolution creationism speakeasy Academic Vocabulary source deny

60. Section 3-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Emergency Quota Act National Origins Act Fundamentalism

61. A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Should the United States limit the amount of immigrants that enter the country every year? A.Yes B.No

62. Section 3 Nativism Resurges Nativism and racism increased in the 1920s and led to changes in immigration laws.

63. Section 3 The fear and prejudice that many felt toward Germans and communists during and after World War I expanded to include all immigrants. –This triggered a general rise in racism and nativism. nativism Nativism Resurges (cont.) Many Americans reacted to the bombings, strikes, and recession of the postwar years by blaming immigrants. European Immigration, 1900–1924

64. Section 3 The controversial Sacco-Vanzetti case reflected the prejudices and fears of the era. –After two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested. –The newspapers revealed that the two men were anarchists.anarchists –The murder evidence was questionable, but the two men were executed. Nativism Resurges (cont.) European Immigration, 1900–1924

65. Section 3 William J. Simmons founded the new Ku Klux Klan in Georgia, in 1915. –The Klan began to decline in the late 1920s, however, as a result of scandals and power struggles between its leaders. Nativism Resurges (cont.) American immigration policies changed in response to the postwar recession and nativist pleas to “Keep America American.” –In 1921, President Harding signed the Emergency Quota Act.

66. Section 3 –In 1924, the National Origins Act made immigration restriction a permanent policy. Mexican immigrants were able to fill the need for cheap labor because the National Origins Act of 1924 exempted natives of the Western Hemisphere from the quota system. Nativism Resurges (cont.)

67. A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E Section 3 The Klan targeted which of the following groups? A.African Americans B.Catholics C.Jews D.Groups said to be “un-American” E. All of the above

68. Section 3 A Clash of Cultures Supporters of the new morality in the 1920s clashed with those who supported more traditional values.

69. Section 3 Challenging traditional ways of behaving, the new morality glorified youth and personal freedom and changed American society. Having won the right to vote in 1920, many women sought to break free of the traditional roles and behaviors that were expected of them. A Clash of Cultures (cont.) –Attitudes toward marriage changed considerably. Women Earning College Degrees

70. Section 3 The following elements played a role in the new morality: –Freudian psychology –the automobile –women in the workforce –fashion –women in college A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Women Earning College Degrees

71. Section 3 Many professional women made major contributions in science, medicine, law, and literature in the 1920s. Public health nurse Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 to promote knowledge about birth control. A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Women Earning College Degrees

72. Section 3 While many Americans embraced the new morality, others feared that the country was losing its traditional values. –Many of these people, especially in rural towns, responded by joining a religious movement known as Fundamentalism. A Clash of Cultures (cont.) Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was literally true and without error. –In particular, they rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.evolution

73. Section 3 –Instead, they believed in creationism.creationism In 1925, Tennessee outlawed any teaching that denied “the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible,” or taught that “man descended from a lower order of animals.”denied A Clash of Cultures (cont.) –The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution.

74. Section 3 –John T. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. –The conviction was later overturned on a technicality. A Clash of Cultures (cont.) People supported the prohibition of alcohol sales for many reasons—some for religious reasons; others thought it would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. Murder Rate, 1920–1940

75. Section 3 Prohibition supporters achieved their goal when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in January of 1920. –Congress passed the Volstead Act, making the U.S. Treasury Department responsible for enforcing Prohibition. A Clash of Cultures (cont.)

76. Section 3 The Treasury Department struggled to enforce Prohibition. –People flocked to speakeasies.speakeasies –Bootlegging was common in rural areas. –Organized crime, led by people such as Al Capone, thrived on the illegal trade of alcohol. A Clash of Cultures (cont.)

77. Section 3 The Twenty-first Amendment, ratified in 1933, repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and ended Prohibition. A Clash of Cultures (cont.)

78. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 In the fashion world, which type of woman personified the changes of the time? A.A judge B.A flapper C.A housewife D.A mother

79. Section 3-End

80. Section 4-Main Idea Big Ideas Culture and Beliefs Through sharing in the arts and sports of the time, Americans embraced new ways of thinking.

81. Section 4-Key Terms Content Vocabulary bohemian mass media Academic Vocabulary diverse unify

82. Section 4-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Carl Sandburg Willa Cather Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald Edith Wharton

83. A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question Do the arts play a large role in reflecting American history and culture? A.Yes B.No

84. Section 4 Arts and Literature New York City’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side became known as centers for new artistic work.

85. Section 4 During the 1920s, American artists and writers challenged traditional ideas. –The artistic and bohemian lifestyle of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village and Chicago’s South Side allowed young artists, musicians, and writers greater freedom to express themselves.bohemian Arts and Literature (cont.)

86. Section 4 European art movements greatly influenced the modernists of American art. –Perhaps most striking was the diverse range of artistic styles, each attempting to express the individual, modern experience.diverse Arts and Literature (cont.)

87. Section 4 Some famous artists from this time period included: –John Marin –Charles Scheeler –Edward Hopper –Georgia O’Keeffe Arts and Literature (cont.)

88. Section 4 Poets and writers of the 1920s varied greatly in their styles and subject matter. Some famous poets and writers: Arts and Literature (cont.) –Carl Sandburg –Willa Cather –Edna St. Vincent Millay –Gertrude Stein –Ezra Pound

89. Section 4 –Amy Lowell –William Carlos Williams –T.S. Eliot –Eugene O’Neill –Sinclair Lewis –F. Scott Fitzgerald –Edith Wharton Arts and Literature (cont.)

90. Section 4 Some writers, known as the “Lost Generation,” moved to Paris or other cities in Europe. –They often wrote about “heroic antiheroes”—flawed individuals who still had heroic qualities. –Ernest Hemingway was one such writer. Arts and Literature (cont.)

91. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 Who wrote The Great Gatsby? A.Eugene O’Neill B.Sinclair Lewis C.F. Scott Fitzgerald D.Edith Wharton

92. Section 4 Popular Culture Broadcast radio and “talking” pictures were new forms of popular entertainment.

93. Section 4 For many Americans in the 1920s, nothing quite matched the allure of motion pictures. –In 1927, the golden age of Hollywood began when the first “talking” picture—The Jazz Singer—was produced. –Entertainment programs broadcast over the radio also had a large following during the Jazz Age. Popular Culture (cont.)

94. Section 4 The mass media helped break down patterns of provincialism and fostered a sense of shared experience that helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes.mass media unify Thanks to motion pictures and radio, sports such as baseball and boxing reached new heights of popularity in the 1920s. Popular Culture (cont.)

95. Section 4 Some famous sports personalities included: –Babe Ruth –Jack Dempsey –Red Grange –Bobby Jones –Bill Tilen –Helen Wills –Gertrude Ederle Popular Culture (cont.)

96. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 Which of the following people was a famous football star? A.Jack Dempsey B.Red Grange C.Bobby Jones D.Bill Tilen

97. Section 4-End

98. Section 5-Main Idea Big Ideas Group Action The artistic and political contributions of African Americans changed American society.

99. Section 5-Key Terms Content Vocabulary jazz blues Academic Vocabulary symbolize impact ongoing

100. Section 5-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Great Migration Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Cotton Club Marcus Garvey

101. A.A B.B Section 5-Polling Question Do you feel that the music you listen to today is inspired by music of the past? A.Yes B.No

102. Section 5 The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance sparked new trends in literature, music, and art.

103. Section 5 During World War I and the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of African Americans joined in the Great Migration from the rural South to industrial cities in the North. In Harlem, African American artistic development, racial pride, and political organization thrived. The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) –The result was a flowering of African American arts that became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Great Migration, 1917–1930

104. Section 5 Famous writers from the Harlem Renaissance: –Claude McKay –Langston Hughes –Zora Neale Hurston –Countee Cullen –Alain Locke –Dorothy West –Nella Larsen The Harlem Renaissance (cont.)

105. Section 5 When New Orleans native Louis Armstrong moved to Chicago in 1922, he introduced an improvisational early form of jazz.jazz –He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music. The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) Ragtime also influenced the composer, pianist, and bandleader Edward “Duke” Ellington, who listened as a teenager to ragtime piano players in Washington, D.C.

106. Section 5 Like many other African American entertainers, Ellington got his start at the Cotton Club. Bessie Smith seemed to symbolize soul.symbolize The Harlem Renaissance (cont.) –She sang of unfulfilled love, poverty, and oppression—the classic themes of the blues. blues

107. Section 5 The theater was also flourishing during this time. –Shuffle Along, the first musical written, produced, and performed by African Americans, made its Broadway debut in 1921. –The show’s success helped launch a number of careers, including those of Florence Mills and Paul Robeson. The Harlem Renaissance (cont.)

108. Section 5 Perhaps the most daring performer of the era, Josephine Baker transformed a childhood knack for flamboyance into a career as a well-known singer and dancer. The Harlem Renaissance (cont.)

109. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 5 Which of the following people first gained recognition as an athlete at Rutgers? A.Paul Robeson B.Florence Mills C.Bessie Smith D.Duke Ellington

110. Section 5 African Americans and 1920s Politics While the NAACP pursued racial equality through the courts, black nationalists supported independence and separation from whites.

111. Section 5 World War I set the stage for African Americans to reenter federal politics in the United States, although perhaps not in the way many expected. –African Americans became a powerful voting bloc that could sometimes sway the outcome of elections. African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) In 1928 African American voters in Chicago helped elect Oscar DePriest, the first African American representative in Congress from a Northern state.

112. Section 5 The NAACP battled valiantly—but often unsuccessfully—against segregation and discrimination against African Americans. –They also lobbied and protested against the horrors of lynching. African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.) One of the NAACP’s greatest political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parker’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court.

113. Section 5 A dynamic black leader from Jamaica, Marcus Garvey, captured the imagination of millions of African Americans with his “Negro Nationalism,” which glorified the black culture and traditions. –Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), an organization aimed at promoting black pride and unity. African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.)

114. Section 5 –He thought that African Americans could gain economic and political power by education themselves, as well as separating themselves from whites. –President Coolidge used Garvey’s immigrant status to have him deported to Jamaica; however, he had instilled a sense of pride in African Americans and inspired hope for the future. African Americans and 1920s Politics (cont.)

115. A.A B.B Section 5 Which party did most African Americans in the North vote for in the 1920s? A.Republican B.Democratic

116. Section 5-End

117. VS 1 Causes of Prosperity Government’s Role Limits interference with business Cuts taxes, debt, and government spending Imposes higher tariffs to protect young industries

118. VS 1 Causes of Prosperity Business Innovation and Technology Mass production creates a wide range of consumer goods sold at low prices. Technology such as autos, airplanes, and radio leads to new industries and economic growth. Business pays high wages.

119. VS 1 Causes of Prosperity New Consumer Society People have more disposable income and leisure time Credit is more readily available Mass advertising begins

120. VS 2 A Changing Society Cultural Changes A new youth culture with a “new morality” develops. Young people and women gain more independence. The working class enjoys more leisure time. New mass media in radio, movies, and sports develops.

121. VS 2 A Changing Society Changes for African Americans Harlem Renaissance begins. Literature reveals racial pride and contempt of racism. Jazz and blues are popularized. Great Migration during the war creates strong African American voting blocs in Northern cities. First African American from the North is elected to Congress. NAACP battles segregation and discrimination.

122. VS 2 A Changing Society Opposition to Change Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. Government imposes new quotas on immigration. Fundamentalists push for traditional values. Prohibition is implemented.

123. VS-End

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141. Vocab1 supply-side economics economic theory that lower taxes will boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue

142. Vocab2 cooperative individualism President Hoover’s policy of encouraging manufacturers and distributors to form their own organizations and volunteer information to the federal government in an effort to stimulate the economy

143. Vocab3 isolationism a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

144. Vocab4 investigation a systematic examination or official inquiry

145. Vocab5 revelation an act of revealing to view or making known

146. Vocab6 mass production the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line

147. Vocab7 assembly line a production system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as the item passes before him or her

148. Vocab8 Model T automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927

149. Vocab9 welfare capitalism system in which companies enable employees to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care common in the 1920s

150. Vocab10 open shop a workplace where workers are not required to join a union

151. Vocab11 disposable referring to the money remaining to an individual after deduction of taxes

152. Vocab12 credit an amount or sum of money placed at a person’s disposal by a bank on condition that it will be repaid with interest

153. Vocab13 nativism hostility toward immigrants

154. Vocab14 anarchist person who believes that there should be no government

155. Vocab15 evolution the scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time

156. Vocab16 creationism the belief that God created the world and everything in it, usually in the way described in the book of Genesis

157. Vocab17 speakeasy a place where alcoholic beverages are sold illegally

158. Vocab18 source the point at which something is provided

159. Vocab19 deny to declare untrue

160. Vocab20 bohemian a person (as an artist or a writer) leading an unconventional lifestyle

161. Vocab21 mass media a medium of communication (as in television and radio) intended to reach a wide audience

162. Vocab22 diverse being different from one another

163. Vocab23 unify to bring a group together with a similar goal or thought pattern

164. Vocab24 jazz American style of music that developed from ragtime and blues and that uses syncopated rhythms and melodies

165. Vocab25 blues style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound and themes

166. Vocab26 symbolize to represent, express, or identify by a symbol

167. Vocab27 impact to make a lasting impression upon an individual or group

168. Vocab28 ongoing being actually in process; continuing

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