1. Classical Period 1750 – 1820

2. What does Classical Mean? Identify with antiquity; especially ancient Greece Era with style traits “Classical” / “Coke” Balance Restraint Symmetry Clarity Purity of line Purity of Form

3. Classical Period Time Line 1760 – Industrial Revolution begins 1769 – Watt’s steam engine patented 1771 – 1 st ed. of Encyclopedia Britannica 1775 – Electric battery invented – Volta 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1787 – French Revolution 1788 – Steamboat invented - Fitch

4. Classical Period Timeline cont. 1789 – Washington elected 1 st president 1791 – Bill of Rights 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 1804 – Napoleon crowned emperor War of 1812 1819 – 1 st steamship crosses Atlantic 1821 – Electric motor - Farraday

5. Scientific Achievements Oxygen discovered Hydrogen discovered Electromagnetic induction discovered Ultraviolet rays discovered

6. Inventions Steam engine Cotton gin Electric Motors Generators

7. The Enlightenment “Age of Reason” Voltaire – supremacy of the intellect Rousseau – emphasized emotions Absolute monarchy is dangerous Against orthodox Christianity Greatly affected beginning of U.S.

8. The Enlightenment in Early America Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Paine Natural law Inherent freedoms Human rights Equality of humankind Self-determination “civil religion”

9. Musical Characteristics Homophonic style predominates Symmetrical & short phrases Simple, “singable” melodic structure Basso continuo disappears Emergence of piano as main keyboard instrument Ornamentation much simpler

10. Musical Characteristics, continued Forms Orchestra standardized (size & scoring) Slower harmonic rhythm More dynamics and score markings Limited rhythmic change Greater variety of mood within movements

11. Aspects Affecting Classical Music Cosmopolitan Age sought one international style Humanitarian Age social reforms universal brotherhood Popularization Age rise of public concerts Beginnings of music journalism and periodicals First music histories written

12. Franz Joseph Haydn 1732 – 1809 “Father of the Symphony” String Quartets All of his life in patronage Masses Oratorios

13. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756 – 1791 Prodigy Symphony Piano Concerto Opera Requiem Over 600 compositions

14. Ludwig van Beethoven 1770 – 1827 Symphonies Piano Sonatas Paved the way into the Romantic period Deafness Composed with great difficulty