1. Comparative Revolutions: American, Haitian, French, Mexican, Chinese, Russian, Indian and Latin American Independence Movements

2. Causes/Motives of the Revolutions
All revolutions resulted from peasant unrest
Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages)
Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions
Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the government
Need to industrialize nations
Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

3. Causes/Motives of the Revolutions continued
Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilege
Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest power
Population increase made it harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protesting

4. Prelude to the American Revolution
Laws passed by the English government to limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American colonies
American colonies looking for more independence
Artisans and farmers looking for ways to promote social equality

5. American Revolution
On June 15, 1775, the Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of Continental Army
On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge cost
In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed under an embargo
May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers support
Battle of Bunker Hill

6. American Revolution
On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence is issued
October 7, Battle of Saratoga results in 1st major American victory
Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authority
In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)
Above - The signing of the Declaration.

7. The American Declaration of Independence (part)
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with inherent and [certain] inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness: that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, & to institute new government, laying it's foundation on such principles, & organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety & happiness. Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light & transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses & usurpations begun at a distinguished period and pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security.”

8. Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781
                                                                               Toussaint L'Ouverture, whose name means "the opening," opened the way to freedom for Blacks in Haiti and throughout the Western Hemisphere when he led his army of enslaved Africans against Napolean's top troops. Haiti's President Jean Bertrand Aristide declared 2003 "The Year of Toussaint" in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death in a French prison just before the Haitian Revolution won victory. When captured, Toussaint warned the French that they had cut down "only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots, for they are numerous and deep."
Haitian Revolution
Began on August 22, 1781
Slave uprising against the French
Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military group
In order to overcome powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally allying with French
Toussaint L’Ouverture

9. Haitian Revolution Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant’s death
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took over
General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody battles occurred
Ended on November 28, 1803

10. Legacy of Haitian Revolution
Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves in North America
Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion of slaves
Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an uprising

11. French Revolution

12. French Revolution
The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with resentment towards royal power, food scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas
Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Estates-General
Third estate made up of the lower class wanted more representation; declared themselves the National Assembly

13. French Revolution
On June 20, 1789, the National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath
Would not leave the tennis court until a new constitution had been made (Declaration of the rights of Man and the Citizen)
On July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastile was taken by the rebellion, and served as a symbol of the revolution
Feudalism abolished on August 4, 1789
Louis XVI

14. French Revolution
Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien Robespierre
King was executed and the Reign of Terror occurred in which unpopular factions were destroyed
Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery temporaraliy abolished and spirit of nationalism
Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the French empire occurred
Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education, were promoted

15. Beginnings of the Mexican Revolution
General Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from
Mexico had political and economic stability, but at expense of farmers and laborers (only select few had wealth)
Suppressed any uprisings with army
Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico was ready for a democracy

16. Mexican Revolution
In 1909, Francisco Madero formed Anti-Reelectionist Party, trying to oust General Diaz and form a democracy; ran for president in 1910
Madero imprisoned for “inciting rebellion” and Diaz won election
Madero won election in 1911, but found most revolutionaries wanted immediate change which he couldn’t provide

17. Mexican Revolution
Madero killed in 1913, and replaced by Victoriano Huerta
Huerta didn’t stay true to revolutionary beliefs, left country in 1914
Huerta replaced by Venustiano Carranza who organized a convention that resulted in the formation of a new constitution in 1917

18. Chinese Revolution
Revolution began in 1890s with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty
After Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Western ideas dominated education and much of Chinese life
1911 Revolution began in southwestern province of Szechwan
Motivated by plan to nationalize the railway

19. Chinese Revolution Sun Yat-sen was “Father of the Revolution”
Educated in west, saw revolution as nationalist, social, and democratic revolution
In 1905, Chinese United League formed
By end of November of 1911, 2/3 of China had seceded from the Ch’ing empire
In December, China proclaimed a republic with Sun Yat-sen as president

20. Chinese Revolution
Yuan Shih-kai had been appointed as prime minister in 1911
On January 3, 1912, Yuan claimed he would get the Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if he was offered the presidency
Yuan appointed president on February 1, 1912
Yuan suppressed any rebellions, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914
President Yuan Shikai

21. May Fourth Movement
China involved in WWI hoping to get their land back in 1917
China outraged when this did not happen
Japan got German territory, so Chinese boycott on Japan
Protests in Beijing by students- Mao Zedong supported
3,000 students upset about imperialism
Became a national movement
Movement showed goal of establishing a strong, modern nation

22. The Communist Party in China
Kuomintang in southern China
Sun links with Communist party
Lenin’s ideas reach China
1925- Sun dies of cancer, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) takes over
Jiang feared Communists’ goal
Clash
Jiang became president of Nationalist
Republic of China
Civil war until 1949

23. Civil War Rages in China
Jiang made promises
Communist leader Mao Zedong developing strong following
Mao envisioned taking revolution to people (country)
Peasants align with Mao because government less democratic and more corrupt

24. The Long March 1933 Jiang surrounded Communist mountain stronghold
Communists fled- outnumbered 6-1
Communists began 6,000 mile long journey
Civil war halted by Japanese invasion of Manchuria

26. Russian Revolution Revolution- 1917, problems prior
Cruel, oppressive czars created unrest
Alexander II- assassinated
Alexander III determined to strengthen Russia
Nicholas II
Alexander III

27. Revolutionary Movement Grows
Rapid industrialization- good for economy, but brought problems (feeling the Industrial Revolution crunch that Western Europe already felt)
New problems
Grueling working conditions, low wages, and child labor, unions outlawed
Rising groups
Mensheviks- broad base of popular support for revolution
Bolsheviks- willing to sacrifice everything for radical change
Lenin leader of Bolsheviks
Ruthless; Fled Russia, but remained in contact while gone

28. Crises at Home and Abroad
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
Competed for control of Korea and Manchuria
Lost Japan
Bloody Sunday- Revolution of 1905
Lenin’s calls this a dress rehearsal for the upcoming revolution
Workers demanded better conditions and upset because of peace with Japan
Workers/ Marchers devoted to the Czar
About 1,000 killed
Creation of Duma (Russia’s 1st parliament) by Nicholas II
WWI- Final Blow
Unprepared economically and militarily
Rasputin

29. March Revolution Local protests led to uprisings
Forced czar to abdicate throne
Duma established provisional government
Continued to fight WWI
Much unrest with this decision in Russia
Lenin returns to Russia in 1917

30. Bolshevik Revolution Lenin and Bolsheviks take control
Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter Palace in Petrograd
Lenin established control
Farmland given to peasants
Factories given to workers
Signed truce with Germany-
Treaty of Brest- Litovsk

31. Lenin’s Opposition White Army- loyal to the Czar, opponents to Lenin
Leon Trotsky commanded Red Army; he negotiated peace treaty
US sent aid to help White Army
Red Army triumphed,
crushing opposition

32. Lenin Restores Order
Russian economy destroyed because of war and revolution
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Peasants could sell surplus, making a profit
Government kept control of major industries, banks, etc.
Political Reforms
Self-governing republics under central government
1922- named USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republic)
New Capital- Moscow
Bolsheviks renamed Communists to describe workers seizure of power

33. INDIA

34. Nationalism in India Indian nationalism growing since mid-1800s
Two groups formed to rid India of foreign rule
Though these two groups did not agree on everything- they found a common ground
Indian National Congress 1885
Muslim League 1906
Hindus and Muslims once divided, now united

35. WWI Heightens Nationalism
Until WWI little interest in nationalism
1 million enlisted, in return self- government
During war, granted political reforms
1918 troops came home from war
Expected self-rule, got nothing
Violent actions taken
Rowlatt Act
Allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years
Amristar Massacre
People protesting Rowlatt Act
Shooting lasted ten minutes
400 killed, 1200 wounded
Nationalism was sparked because of this

36. Gandhi’s Principles of Nonviolence
Mohandas K. Gandhi emerges as leader
Principle of satyagraha- civil disobedience
Called Indians to refuse to buy British goods
Boycott on British cloth
Salt March
British arrested thousands

37. SALT MARCH

38. Great Britain Grants Indian Self- Rule
1935- Britain passed Government of India Act
Provided local self-government and limited democratic elections
India began moving towards full independence

39. Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)
By end of 18th century, Brazil had grown in economic importance
1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capital
Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behind
Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing, declared Brazil independent in 1822

40. Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)
Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silver
Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolution
San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took over
Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence (see next slide)

41. The Battle of Ayacucho
Last major engagement in South American war for independence
Fought on December 9, 1824
Resulted in victory by rebels under Antonio Jose de Sucre over a Spanish army under Jose de La Serna (viceroy of Peru)
Sucre and Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish force in Junin, Peru (August 1824)
La Serna marched against them from Cuzco with army of 10,000
Sucre with 6,000 South Americans, reluctant to enter battle but made stand in December
Won advantage over La Serna before he had chance to organize troops
Spaniards overcome and La Serna taken prisoner; end of Spanish power on mainland of South America

42. Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)
In September 1810, open town meeting appointed junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for more independence)
Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain regained control
Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help them
Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as dictator
Young Anti-War Protest

43. Role of Racism?
The Haitian Revolution was main one whose causes centered around racism
Haitian Revolution was slave uprising (Discrimination against blacks found in slavery)
French saw Haitians as barbarians; thought they were only good working on plantations
Latin Americans tired of being treated inferiorly by Europeans

44. Effect of Revolutions on Women
Chinese Revolution tried to hold onto traditional ways
Chinese women today still subjugated; men prefer not to marry women who have already been married
Some women still are married for sole purpose of childbearing

45. Effects of Revolutions on Women continued
Before Revolutions
After Revolutions
Women expected to be wives and mothers; could not vote or hold political office
Unmarried women under authority of their fathers
Once married, couldn't work, enter into contracts, or control own estates without husband’s permission
Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs that women biologically and socially different from men and should stick to domestic tasks
Women secluded within homes; had to wear long skirts or dresses
Lower class women had more freedom than those of upper class
Women allowed to be educated: at first the sole purpose was to train them for “enlightened” role within the home
Demand for teachers allowed for higher education; women became more confident and advocated women’s rights
As 20th century progressed, women gained right to vote in addition to other civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of dresses)
When men went off to war, left openings in factory positions which were filled by women (proved themselves able to work in even heavy industry, including munitions)

46. Women’s Rights continued
From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem's Glory
“And if there be very few men that are thus furnished with the gift of the Spirit; how few are the women! Not but that there are many godly women, many who have indeed received the Spirit: but in how small a measure is it? how weak are they? and how unable to prophesie? for it is that that I am speaking of, which this text says they shall do; which yet we see not fulfilled.... But the time is coming when this promise shall be fulfilled, and the Saints shall be abundantly filled with the spirit; and not only men, but women shall prophesie; not only aged men, but young men; not only superiours, but inferiours; not only those that have University learning, but those that have it not; even servants and handmaids..”

47. Rise of Democracy
In Mexican Revolution, new constitution formed in 1917 that:
- Redistributed land from wealthy landowners to peasants
- was 1st to recognize collective labor rights
- limited the foreign ownership of key resources
Haitian Revolution, gave more equality to people of color and gained independence from France
- Inspired other countries to form own democracy
- Early constitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property restrictions of voters

48. Rise of Democracy French Revolution:
- General Estates formed, consisting of 3 “estates”, or classes of people
- 3rd estate known as Commons formed National Assembly
- National Assembly abolished feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost privileges; church land seized
- Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789
- Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)
- Constitution proclaimed individual rights

49. Rise of Democracy Chinese Revolution:
- Constitution formed limited emperor’s power; said that parliamentary elections be held within 6 months of formation of government
- Provincial assemblies were established in 1909
- National, democratically elected Consultative Assembly formed in 1910

50. Rise of Democracy American Revolution:
- May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of colonies to form local governments
- July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence
- U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights
Latin America
- Local leaders were taking positions of greater importance
- Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin both played important roles
- Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationally

51. Additional Reforms
In China, the military was reorganized, the civil service exam was abolished in 1905, and Western ideas were being included in education
Media played a large part in most revolutions (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots ideas as well as monarchs ideas (increasing importance)
France- Protestants regaining their rights, Louis XVI forced to produce annual publication of state of finances

52. Phase I of the Revolutions (old regime is weak, people are restless)
Chinese Revolution- Collapse of Manchu dynasty; internal disorder, pressure from foreign government, weakness of central government
French Revolution- Louis XVI losing power, Estates-General formed, 3rd estate (commoners) protesting taxes
American Revolution- British placing new taxes on Americans, colonies restless, want new freedoms in economy and government

53. Phase I of Revolutions continued
Mexican Revolution- General Porfiro Diaz is losing control, new political parties are being formed, farmers and laborers unhappy
Haitian Revolution- French placing Haitian slaves under cruel conditions, there is social unrest and a wish for a share in the profits of the plantations
Latin American Revolutions- countries were growing in economic importance because of their crops, European countries had hard time controlling them because of the distance between them

54. Phase II of Revolutions (better organized government, moderates in control)
Chinese Revolution- Sun Yat-sen overthrew government, Yuan Shih-kai placed in power, constitution places checks on his power, demanding parliamentary elections
French Revolution- 3rd estate in power, set up Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, constitution devised which proclaims individual liberties, manoralism abolished (aristocrats lost privileges)
American Revolution- Rebels set up new government with constitution that places checks and balances between legislative and executive powers; voting rights widespread though limited

55. Phase II of Revolutions continued
Mexican Revolution- Francisco Madero was proclaimed president, worked steadily toward bettering social and economic life
Haitian Revolution- Toussaint L’Ouverture became leader, abolishing slavery and bringing peace (for a time)
Latin America Independence movements- nations gained independence with the help of Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

56. Phase III of the Revolutions (rise of radicals who illegally gain power)
Chinese Revolution- Yuan Shih-kai assassinates Sun Yat-sen, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914
French Revolution- Maximilien Robespierre ( ) leads radicals in overthrowing monarchy, using terror tactics to rule (killing anyone in his way); proclaimed military conscription, temporarily abolished slavery, and came up with a new constitution which proclaimed universal male suffrage although it was not put into practice fully
American Revolution- persecuted any remaining loyalists to Britain

57. Phase III of the Revolutions continued
Mexican Revolution- Madero killed by Victoriano Huerta, but Constitutionalist movement drove out Huerta in 1914, causing Venustiano Carranza to come to power (helped to make constitution of 1917)
Haitian Revolution- Invasion of French troops resulted in death of Toussaint and rise of Jean-Jacques Dessalines who ordered execution of all European opposing him, finally declared Haiti a republic in 1803
Latin American independence movements- no radical phase within this time period

58. Negative Effects of the Revolutions
Mexican Revolution
- Devastated the country
- Killed 1.5 million people
- Ranching and farming were disrupted
French Revolution-
- Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine
- Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other countries
- Destruction of property
Destroyed Buildings

59. Negative Effects of the Revolution continued
Haitian Revolution
- Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) immediately killed
- Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)
American Revolution
- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans
- New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and weapons
Chinese Revolution
- Reforms didn’t benefit the peasants; benefited military, and aristocrats
- Didn’t provide ample opposition against the warlords
- Reforms made were not social, mainly political
Latin America
Did not receive full
independence; still dependent
European and U.S.
economics

60. Global Connection Revolutions spurred on movements in other countries
Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used world wide
In case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellions
Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow government
American Revolution led to independence movements in other colonies escaping from European control

61. Bibliography
Modern China: The 1911 Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright
Map-the Chinese Revolution by Matthew White; copyright 1997
Chinese Revolution; copyright Tiscali 2004
Nationalist Party of China
China
The Haitian Revolution by Joanne Spadaro of School of Information Science and Policy at University of Albany, SUNY.
The Haitian Revolution by Richard Hooker; copyright 1996

62. Bibliography continued
Equality of Opportunity (Image)
The World Book Encyclopedia Set
World Book, Inc. in Chicago. Copyright 2004
The Mexican Revolution of 1910; updated April 2004
November 20: Commemoration of the Mexican Revolution; copyright
Mexican Revolution by Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution
A Collaboration of Center for History and New Media and American Social History Project

63. Bibliography continued
French Revolution by Wikipedia
The History Place
Legislature.gif (image)
The Mexican Revolution: The Overthrow of Diaz and The Madero Regime ; by Matthew White; last updated August 2000
users.erols.com-mwhite28/mexico.htm
Haiti; wuarchive.wustl.edu/~aminet/pix/map/Haiti.jpg
Haiti’s Long March Toward Freedom by J. Damu of the San Franciso Bay View; December 2003
kwsnet.com/weblog/2004/01/03.html
The Struggle of Haitian workers- their alliance with Steelworkers Local by Steve Gillis. Boston, October 14, 1991

64. Bibliography continued
The Phases of the French Revolution. October 20, 2004
Louis XVI by Brooklyn College History Department. Copyright 1997
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/…/0253/img0035.htm
Modern History Sourcebook: Radical Women during the English Revolution
A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind by Jean Jacques Rousseau
A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled. Copyright 1998
Image-government.jpg
lawweb.usc.edu/…/pages/hoffman-profile.html

65. Bibliography continued
The History Carper. Copyright 2000, Third millennium Publishing
3mpub.com/carper
The American Revolution. Copyright 2000 by Addison-Wesley Education Publishers Inc.
Revolutions effect on the role of women in China and Russia (2004)
Creativity and Ancient China
Brazil in South America
Peru-flag

66. Bibliography continued
Racism, History, and Lies
Women Protesting Labor
visualhistory.freewebpages.org/TurnofCentury.html
Battle of Ayacucho; Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia.
Copyright ; Funk & Wagnalls Corporation
Microsoft Clip Art Gallery
World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition
By: Peter N. Stearns, Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert. Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.