1. EDSP 6560 Sessions 5 & 6 Communication and Literacy Development Birth to Five Years Old Infants: Basic Development Rosemary Kerrin, Ph.D.

2. Objectives The students will be able to – Describe the role of structure and function in early language, including reflexes Compare the theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Skinner relative to language development Identify the linguistic aspects of early language development Explain the role of social interaction theory in early language development Integrate theoretical perspectives of early language development

3. Overview Physical Factors Psychological Perspective Social-Interaction Perspective Linguistic Perspective Piaget Vygotsky Skinner Gross/Fine Oral Neuro Attachment Interaction Phonology Semantics Pragmatics

4. Physical Development – Gross Motor Birth 6 wks + Over 1 st year whole body movements (startle/Moro) differentiated body movements (ATNR) head control upper body pull to sitting pull to standing Gross motor development allows child to experience/ explore environment

5. Fine Motor - Infants primitive grasp ulnar grasp tripod grasp pincer grasp

6. Oral Motor rooting suck & swallow bite reflex chewing Early reflexes designed to obtain food; as motor patterns repeat and nervous system matures, child develops control. Mouth serves as exploratory organ: all items go in mouth – EXPLORE!

7. Baby Brains Organ that is least developed Approx one billion brain cells Processes of myelination and pruning Factors which affect brain growth: nutrition, stimulation, touch, activity Brain Quiz, Zero to Three

8. Cognitive Development per Piaget –sensorimotor period –concepts/ precursors of language object permanence causality (means-end) imitation symbolic function

9. Vygotsky sensory integration pre-language period – concept formation – situational understanding – situational jargon patterns Language integrated as vehicle of thought

10. Skinner primitive reflexes setting events – deprivation states (eg, hunger) –discriminative stimuli (smell of mother = comfort, food, warmth, etc) consequences –reinforcers –punishment

11. Social Development in Infants Attachment –undiscriminating social response –differential smiling & vocalization –seeks out proximity and contact with attachment figure

12. Social Development Interaction –initial regulation –reciprocal exchange –initiative –focalization When viewing this link, note the physical movements of the babies, eye contact, attention, imitation, and sounds produced.this link

13. Motherese Adults change their manner of speaking when talking to babies: –closer proximity when infant attending –higher pitch –greater pitch fluctuations –slower rate –more & longer pauses –shorter in length –simpler construction –produced more fluently & clearly –based on smaller, restricted set of words –frequently nouns for concrete objects –refer to objects or events in here-and-now

14. Linguistics - Form Phonology –discrimination skills mother’s voice minimal pairs –vegetative sounds –cooing –babbling marginal babbling reduplicated unreduplicated –jargon Syntax & Morphology - Ǿ At birth, baby recognizes mother’s voice; able to discriminate between speech sounds (pah-mah). Sounds increase in range and complexity. range and complexity. NOTE: Children with autism or delayed speech often do not babble. Children who are deaf babble normally and stop at 6 months.

15. Linguistics – Content & Use Semantics –sound patterns represent concepts Pragmatics –perlocutionary (interpretation/response of communicative partner) –locutionary (communicative action) –illocutionary (idea/intention)

16. Why might you see this baby? Risk Factors Organic  Often diagnosed at birth or soon after  Includes structural anomalies, genetic syndromes  Prematurity, low birth weight  Newborn hearing screening Environmental Nutritional deficiencies Neglect Limited resources for child needs RULE OF THUMB: The earlier a problem is apparent, the more severe it will be.

17. Questions of differences, diversity, & disorders

18. Assessment Considerations –Assessment & intervention considerations Setting Personnel Methods –Observation –Neurological Development

19. Intervention Considerations

20. –Feeding issues position stimulation & desensitization PATIENCE !!!