1. Plant Tissue Systems Plant Structure and Growth Vascular Plant Body
Shoot System –
Root System –
Growth
Determinate and Indeterminate Growth –
Primary and Secondary Growth –
Classes of Flowering Plants
Monocots and Eudicots Compared –
Lifespans –
Plant Tissue
Ground Tissue -
Vascular Tissue -
Dermal Tissue -
Primary Shoot Systems
Features –
Functions –
Stems –
Leaves –
Secondary Shoot Systems
Growth –
Woody Stem Structure –
Root Systems
Types of Roots –
Zones of Primary Root Growth –
Root Tissues –

2. Describe the three main tissue systems in the plant body.
Unit II Plants
Learning Goal 2
Describe the three main tissue systems in the plant body.

3. Plant Structure and Growth
The Vascular Plant Body
Shoot system
Stems
Leaves
Flowers/Fruits
Root system
Roots
Root Hairs
Root Cap

4. Growth Determinate growth common in animals
growth stops at a certain age
Indeterminate growth
Plant grows throughout life
Meristems give rise to plant body
Increase in number of cells
Increase in size of cells

5. Primary Growth Apical meristems at root and shoot tips
Increases height of shoot, length of roots

6. Secondary Growth Lateral meristems at root and shoot tips
Self-perpetuating cylinder of tissue
Increases diameter of stems and roots

7. Classes of Flowering Plants Eudicots and Monocots Compared

8. Lifespans Annual (one growing season) Biennial (two growing seasons)
Herbaceous
Biennial (two growing seasons)
Roots, stems, and leaves first season
Flowers, fruits, and seeds second season
Perennial (growth continues year after year)

9. Plant Tissues Ground Tissue Parenchyma Soft primary tissues
Thin primary cell walls, pliable and permeable
Specialized for storage, secretion, photosynthesis

10. Collenchyma Flexible support Thicker primary cell walls
Elongated cells in strands or sheathlike cylinder

11. Rigid support and protection
Sclerenchyma
Rigid support and protection
Thick secondary cell walls
Sclerids (protective casings) and fibers (support)

12. Vascular Tissues Xylem Tracheids Vessel members
Conducts water and dissolved minerals
Thick, lignified secondary walls
Dead when functional
Tracheids
Elongated, tapered, overlapping ends
Lateral connections through pits
Vessel members
Shorter, tubelike columns
Lateral connections through pits and perforations

13. Tracheids and Vessel Members

14. Phloem Sieve tube members Conduct sugars and other solutes
Living when functional
Sieve tube members
Joined end to end in sieve tubes
Sieve tube cells assisted by companion cells
End walls (sieve plates) studded with pores

15. Sieve Tube Members

16. Dermal Tissue Epidermis covers primary plant body
Waxy cuticle layer restricts water loss
Pairs of guard cells in leaf epidermis create stomata (openings) for gas exchange
Epidermal specializations
Trichomes (hairs)
Absorbent root hairs

17. Epidermal Tissue

18. Primary Shoot Systems Features
Stems are adapted to provide support, routes for vascular tissues, storage, and new growth
Leaves carry out photosynthesis and gas exchange
Plant shoots may have juvenile and adult forms

19. Consists of main stem, leaves, and buds
Plus any attached flowers and fruits
Functions:
Mechanical support
House vascular tissues
May store food and water
Buds and meristems for growth

20. Stems Organized into modular segments
Nodes: Where leaves and buds are attached
Internodes: Between nodes
Terminal bud: At apex of main shoot
Lateral buds: In leaf axils, produce branches

21. Stem Structure

22. Eudicot Vascular Bundles
Form a stele (cylinder)
Outer cortex, inner pith

23. Monocot Vascular Bundles
Scattered throughout ground tissue of stem

24. Modified Stems

25. Leaves Blade Petiole (in eudicots)
Large surface area for photosynthesis and gas exchange
Petiole (in eudicots)
Attaches leaf to stem

26. Leaf Forms
b. Simple leaves (eudicot)
A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
sacajaweana) was formally described in It is named in honor
of Sacajawea, the Native American woman who guided Lewis and
Clark in their exploration of the Pacifi c Northwest in the early 1800s.
Poplar
(Populus)
Oak
(Quercus)
Maple
(Acer)
Fig , p. 725

27. A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
c. Compound leaves (eudicot)
Leaflets
A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
sacajaweana) was formally described in It is named in honor
of Sacajawea, the Native American woman who guided Lewis and
Clark in their exploration of the Pacifi c Northwest in the early 1800s.
Red Buckeye
(Aesculus)
Black Locust
(Robinia)
Honey Locust
(Gleditsia)
Petiolule
Fig , p. 725

28. Leaf Adaptations
Responses to environmental and herbivore pressures

29. Leaf Internal Structure

30. Secondary Shoot Systems
Growth
Vascular cambium gives rise to secondary growth in stems
Secondary growth can also occur in roots
Secondary growth is an adaptive response

31. Increases girth of roots and stems Vascular cambium
Produces secondary xylem and phloem
Cork cambium
Produces cork, part of protective bark

33. Woody Stem Structure Vascular cambium produces wood
Cork cambium produces cork
Bark
Living and nonliving tissue outside vascular cambium (secondary phloem and periderm)
Periderm
Cork, cork cambium, and secondary cortex

34. Heartwood, sapwood

35. Root Systems
Features
Taproot and fibrous root systems are specialized for particular functions
Root structure is specialized for underground growth

36. Absorb water and dissolved minerals
Conduct water and minerals to aerial plant parts
Anchor and support aboveground parts
Often store food

37. Types of Roots

38. Zones of Primary Root Growth
Zone of cell division
Root cap
Quiescent center
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

39. A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
a. Eudicot root
Stele
(vascular cylinder)
Primary
phloem
Primary
xylem
A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
sacajaweana) was formally described in It is named in honor
of Sacajawea, the Native American woman who guided Lewis and
Clark in their exploration of the Pacifi c Northwest in the early 1800s.
Pericycle
Endodermis
Root cortex
Epidermis
Fig , p. 730

40. A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
b. Monocot root
Pith
Root cortex
Epidermis
Stele
A new plant species from Idaho. Sacajawea’s bitterroot (Lewisia
sacajaweana) was formally described in It is named in honor
of Sacajawea, the Native American woman who guided Lewis and
Clark in their exploration of the Pacifi c Northwest in the early 1800s.
Primary
xylem
Primary
phloem
Fig , p. 730

41. Root Tissues Exodermis Endodermis Pericycle Outer layer of root cortex
Inner layer of root cortex
Pericycle
Between stele and endodermis
Can function as meristem

42. LG 2 Vocabulary Terms Apical/Lateral Meristems - Parenchyma -
Collenchyma -
4. Sclerenchyma -
Cambium -
Trachied -
Nodes -
Pith -
Sieve Tube -
Root Cortex -