2. Chapter 4 Learning (III) Cognitive Learning

3. Principle of Contiguity: the association of events in time and space  Contiguity has been used to explain the association of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, and the association of a behavior and its consequences in operant conditioning

4. Cognitive Factors in Associative Learning  In Classical Conditioning Robert Rescorla ’ s experiment(1968) CS is a index of prediction  Overshadowing — competition between two CS ’ s  (forward) Blocking — (Kamin,1968,69)  Conditioned taste aversion

5.  In Operant Conditioning 1. Intrinsic motivation — the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake 2. Overjustification effect 3. Learned helplessness

6. Latent Learning — learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior  E. Tolman and C. H. Honzik ’ s studies (1930)  Cognitive map — a mental representation of physical reality （ of the layout one ’ s environment ）

7. The study of behavioral geography (Parfit,1984) When we mark important places and landmarks in the city  Undesirable place — small and far Desirable place — big and near  Reflects our life experience and depends on our SES

8. Three types of knowledge in our cognitive map (Thorndyke, etc.1981)  landmark knowledge — imaginal and propositional representation  route-road knowledge — procedural and declarative knowledge  survey knowledge — can be represented imaginally or propositionally

9. Insight—a sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem Wolfgang Kohler 1887-1967 Mentality of Apes

11. Observational Learning— learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others Albert Bandura (1925- ) Stanford University Mirrors in the Brain

12. Modeling—the process of observing and imitating a behavior

13. Observational learning is seen in animals as well as humans English titmouse has learned how to open cardboard caps on milk bottles to swipe milk and cream from its human neighbors

14. Four factors identified by Bandura (1986) that account for O.L. 1. You must pay attention to model ’ s actions; 2. You must remember the model ’ s actions; 3. You must have the ability to produce the actions; 4. You must be motivated to perform the actions.

15. Social Learning Theory  Social behavior is learned chiefly through observation and the mental processing of information  Prosocial behavior and aggression