1. Demography & Living Standards

2. Standard of Living  standard of living _______ ______________________ ______________________, and the way these goods and services ____________ ______________________.  generally measures _____________________  Other measures such as _______________________ _________, _____________ ___________ and _____ ____________are often used as well  One aspect of Quality of Life

3. Quality of Life  Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of a given area physically, psychologically, and socially. Includes: _________________________ _________________________

4. Demography  The study of population. Includes: ____________________ ____________________

5. Components of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Obtained by subtracting the: Obtained by subtracting the: death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 people) from the death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 people) from the birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people)birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people) = Rate of Natural Increase= Rate of Natural Increase

6. Components of ____________________  Population Growth Rate – Includes: ____________________________________ ____________________________________  Net migration - Obtained by subtracting the: emigration rate emigration rate ____________________from:____________________from: Immigration rate Immigration rate ____________________ ____________________

7. Population Growth Rate _________– _________+ ____________ = Population Growth Rate the increase (or decrease) in the total number of people in Canada in a given year the increase (or decrease) in the total number of people in Canada in a given year

8. Fertility Rate & Status of Women  Fertility Rate : _____________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

9. Fertility Rate & Status of Women  economic development and the fertility rate of countries are strongly connected decline in # of children a woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of her children decline in # of children a woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of her children better educated women have fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, usually because they are better educated about contraception and better able to resist family pressure to have more children better educated women have fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, usually because they are better educated about contraception and better able to resist family pressure to have more children

10. Fertility Rate & Status of Women  children of educated women also more likely to survive  know more about the importance of immunization, clean water, and good nutrition  study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate dropped for every year of schooling the mother had  key to improving status of women: education

11. Demographic Transition Model (DTM)  __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________.

12. Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)  most countries at the bottom of the HDI are in debt to the developed nations  countries that are so in debt to developed countries that most of its gross national product is used to pay interest on those debts

13. Demographic Transition Model – 5 stages  Stage 1 – Pre-Modern – Pre-Industrial _ _ _

14. Developing / Underdeveloped  few schools, doctors, and hospitals; roads were mainly unpaved, few railways, few people with telephones, only cities with electrical power – known as “Third World”

15. Demographic Transition Model – 5 stages _________________________________ ____________(due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or rises _________________________________ ____________(due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or rises ______________________________ due to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain life ______________________________ due to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain life Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a ____ _________________________________. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a ____ _________________________________.  Stage 2 – Urbanizing / Industrializing – Developing Countries

16. Newly Industrialized Countries  known as “Second World”  countries between 2 categories  countries in the transition stage between developing and developed nations.  Most have rapidly growing economies.  Example: China

17. Demographic Transition Model – 5 stages  Stage 3 – Mature / Industrializing _________________results in more _____________ _________________results in more _____________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _____________________________due to: _____________________________due to: access to ________________________,access to ________________________, ________________________________,________________________________, a ______________________________,a ______________________________, an _________________________________________,an _________________________________________, a _______________ in the value of children's work,a _______________ in the value of children's work, an ______________________in the education of children and other social changesan ______________________in the education of children and other social changes Population growth __________________________ Population growth __________________________

18. Developed Nations  industrialized, people well-housed, healthy, and educated infrastructure – such things as transportation and communication links, electric-power distribution systems, schools, and hospitals – are well developed – known as “First World” infrastructure – such things as transportation and communication links, electric-power distribution systems, schools, and hospitals – are well developed – known as “First World” Examples: Canada, USA, most European nations Examples: Canada, USA, most European nations

19. Demographic Transition Model – 5 stages  Stage 4 – Post Industrial Characterized by _______ (linked to _____________) Characterized by _______ (linked to _____________) Population age structure _______________________ ___________________________________________. Population age structure _______________________ ___________________________________________. Birth rates ____________________________ as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. Birth rates ____________________________ as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. The large group born during stage two ages & creates an _________________________________________ ___________________________________________. The large group born during stage two ages & creates an _________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Death ______________________________________ ____________________________________________ to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries. Death ______________________________________ ____________________________________________ to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries.

20. Demographic Transition Model – 5 stages  Stage 5 – De-industrializing ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Represent countries that have undergone the _______________ ___________________________ ___________________________ __________________________. Countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, England and most notably Japan, whose populations are now reproducing well below their replacement levels, are not producing enough children to replace their parent's generation.

21. Changes in Canada’s Population & the World’s Population  Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been ____________________________________  Overall – _____________________________  Will have significant effects on Canada’s ____________ ____________ ____________

22. The Demographic Transition Model

23. The Rule of Seventy  Doubling time is the period of years in which it takes for a country to double its population (at its current birth rate).  It is equal to seventy divided by the growth rate (%) per year.

24. Canada’s Population  Canada’s age structure – major factor in determining _________________________  Currently – government strives for ______ ______________________________________ (about 200,000 immigrants /year)  However – currently only meeting 0.7%

25. Population Distribution  _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________  Has always been uneven - High concentrations in small areas ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

26. Population Distribution  Concentration explained by:  Many areas of the Earth’ land are inhospitable (difficult to live in) due to: ______________ (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) ______________ (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) ______________ (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall ______________ (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall _________________________(i.e. too mountainous or desert) _________________________(i.e. too mountainous or desert) __________________________(i.e. access to food and shelter) __________________________(i.e. access to food and shelter) ______________________________(i.e. access to clean water) ______________________________(i.e. access to clean water)

27. Population Distribution  In Canada – 80% of people live within 200km of our Southern border (the USA)  Most choose to live in areas where temperatures more moderate (i.e. not in North)  Majority of Canadians live in urban (city) centres

28. Population Density  ______________________________________  Population density for an entire country – _____ ______________________________________.  ______________________________________ ______________________________________

29. Population Density (2006) (people per km² )

30. Population Density  ______________________________________ ______________________________________. Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows that Africa is under-populated for its land area Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows that Africa is under-populated for its land area Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only hold 12.7% of the Earth’s population Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only hold 12.7% of the Earth’s population  Europe – 3.3% landmass – holds 10% of Earth’s population

31. Physical Factors Human Factors

32. Demographic Tools - Population Census  To help governments maintain accurate records of its people, ___________________________ _____________________________________.  Data includes __________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________.

33. Demographic Tools - Population Pyramids ------------

34. Population Pyramid  Graph that shows the age and sex make up of a population  Shows percentage of people in each age group & percentage of males and females in each age group  Useful – helps predict future population trends  i.e. if few women of childbearing age, population may decrease due to low birth rate http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

35. The Population Pyramid  A population pyramid is a graph that shows the age and sex structure of a population.  Important because all countries have distinct population structures.  Their shapes vary according to the % of people in each age group and the distribution between men and women.  A Population Pyramid shows the % of the total population in five year age groups (known as cohorts) beginning with 0-4 years at the bottom, and ending with the oldest age group at the top.  The shape of a population pyramid is determined by the crude birth rate, (number of live births per 1000 people in a given year). Its shape can be affected by other factors as well (a lower life expectancy, war, malnutrition, etc)  A high crude birth rate translates into a relatively high number of children, and creates a broad pyramid base. If a country has a low crude birth rate and a large number of older people, the upper sections of the pyramid are wider.

36. Population Pyramids - Examples  There are 4 main types of Population Pyramids: 1. Expanding 2. Early Expanding 3. Contracting 4. Stable

37. Expanding http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

38. Early Expanding http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

39. Stable Japan http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

40. Contracting http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

41. Population Pyramids - Growth

42. Dependency Ratio / Load  Dependency ratio refers)___________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________  Those who work experience a greater financial burden if their country has a _______________ ______________________________________.  Africa – 40% of the population – under 15 years old - - -

43. Overpopulation  Countries that have too many people for a given resource base and a given level of technological development  When exceeded its “carrying capacity” – level at which land can no longer support its people (i.e. low food supplies)  Result - Many people: live in poverty live in poverty Lack adequate food, water, and shelter Lack adequate food, water, and shelter Rely heavily on importing necessary goods Rely heavily on importing necessary goods

44. Population Growth – Potential Problems Housing Shortages Increase in Pollution Resource Depletion i.e. - water Energy shortages Technology – energy alternatives? Increase in Unemployment Destruction of Environment Food Shortages Stress on Infrastructure (i.e. roads, schools, hospitals)

45. Overpopulation - Responses  1970s – China had one of the highest population growth rates in the world 1 billion people – 1/5 world’s population at the time 1 billion people – 1/5 world’s population at the time Women averaged 6 children each Women averaged 6 children each

46. China’s One Child Policy - 1979  At this point - # of births reduced to 2.7 children per woman  Government offered rewards to families such as: Free medical care Free medical care Monthly wage bonuses Monthly wage bonuses Preferential housing Preferential housing Extra pension income Extra pension income

47. China’s One Child Policy  If family had a 2 nd child – suffered penalties such as Cancellation of benefits Cancellation of benefits Fines Fines Wage reductions Wage reductions

48. China’s One Child Policy  Problems: Greater in urban areas due to financial benefits Greater in urban areas due to financial benefits Rural areas – reply on children as labourers – Rural areas – reply on children as labourers – Value sons above daughters Value sons above daughters Some families resort to infanticide (murder) of female babies Some families resort to infanticide (murder) of female babies Others ignore policy in favour of their desired family structure Others ignore policy in favour of their desired family structure Current Status: average 1.8 Current Status: average 1.8 children per woman children per woman Still in effect today Still in effect today

49. Responses to Population Growth  Improve Technology Though application of science, including: Though application of science, including: ComputersComputers Cell phonesCell phones TVsTVs  Countries with higher levels of technology tend to have more developed economies

50. Responses to Population Growth  Family Planning / Controlling Population Growth Rate Reduced population reduces strain on resources (natural, economic, etc.) Reduced population reduces strain on resources (natural, economic, etc.) Leads to a general increase in standard of living Leads to a general increase in standard of living

51. Responses to Population Growth  Increase Resource Base / Lessen Disparity Use own resources to develop itself – could include: Use own resources to develop itself – could include: Work force Work force Natural resources Natural resources Technology Technology Financial institutions Financial institutions

52. Responses to Population Growth  Improve Literacy Rates Giving a population skills to read will improve access to higher paying jobs Giving a population skills to read will improve access to higher paying jobs This in turn will improve overall quality of life and standard of living This in turn will improve overall quality of life and standard of living

53. Responses to Population Growth  Opportunities for Women Leads to improved economic development for all Leads to improved economic development for all

54. UN Human Development Index (HDI)  Living Standards Measure  Comparative measure of: 1.literacy (people who can read) rate percentage of the population 15 years and older who can read and writepercentage of the population 15 years and older who can read and write 2.life expectancy rate Average number of years a person or population can expect to liveAverage number of years a person or population can expect to live 3.per capita GDP (gross domestic product) GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year.GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year. divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the average GDP per person, or per capitadivide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the average GDP per person, or per capita http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries- 2007.html http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries- 2007.html

55. “Most Livable” Countries, 2007 1.Iceland Iceland 2.Norway 2.NorwayNorway 3.Australia Australia 4.Canada Canada 5.Ireland Ireland 6.Sweden Sweden 7.Switzerland Switzerland 8.Japan Japan 9.Netherlands Netherlands 10.France France 11.Finland Finland 12.United States United StatesUnited States 13.Spain Spain 14.Denmark Denmark 15.Austria Austria 16.United Kingdom 17.Belgium 18.Luxembourg United KingdomBelgiumLuxembourgUnited KingdomBelgiumLuxembourg 19.New Zealand New ZealandNew Zealand 20.Italy Italy 21.Germany Germany 22.Israel Israel 23.Greece Greece 24.Singapore Singapore 25.Korea, Rep. Of 26.Slovenia Slovenia 27.Cyprus Cyprus 28.Portugal Portugal 29.Brunei Darussalam 30.Barbados Brunei DarussalamBarbadosBrunei DarussalamBarbados

56. “Least Livable” Countries, 2007 1.Sierra Leone Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 2.Burkina Faso Burkina FasoBurkina Faso 3.Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 4.Niger Niger 5.Mali Mali 6.Mozambique Mozambique 7.Central African Republic Central African RepublicCentral African Republic 8.Chad Chad 9.Ethiopia Ethiopia 10.Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Dem. Rep. of theCongo, Dem. Rep. of the 11.Burundi Burundi 12.Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'IvoireCôte d'Ivoire 13.Zambia Zambia 14.Malawi Malawi 15.Benin Benin 16.Angola Angola 17.Rwanda Rwanda 18.Guinea Guinea 19.Tanzania Tanzania 20.Nigeria Nigeria 21.Eritrea Eritrea 22.Senegal Senegal 23.Gambia Gambia 24.Uganda Uganda 25.Yemen Yemen 26.Togo Togo 27.Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 28.Timor-Leste Timor-Leste 29.Djibouti Djibouti 30.Kenya Kenya

57. Human Development Indicators  Other than those used in the HDI, other human development indicators include:  Education rates The percentage of the population who attend or attended some sort of formal education The percentage of the population who attend or attended some sort of formal education  Fertility Rates The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime

58. Human Development Indicators  Infant mortality rates Reported number of infants dying under 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births Reported number of infants dying under 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births  Disease Prevalence of disease in an area such as HIV/AIDS – Pandemic Prevalence of disease in an area such as HIV/AIDS – Pandemic Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area worst in developing countries like Africa where lack of education and access to medical supplies and treatments cause the disease to keep spreading at a rapid rate worst in developing countries like Africa where lack of education and access to medical supplies and treatments cause the disease to keep spreading at a rapid rate

59. Additional Challenges in Developing Countries  Poverty Cycle – Trap  Health Challenges  Lack of education and employment, especially for women  Discrimination against Women  Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda, Darfur; land mines  Child Labour  Access to Clean Drinking Water  Natural Disasters – i.e. tsunami

60. Causes of Poverty  Armed Conflicts Disrupt attempts at aid and development (farming, infrastructure, industry) Disrupt attempts at aid and development (farming, infrastructure, industry)  Natural Disasters Limited Resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms Limited Resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms

61. Causes of Poverty  Lack of Education Cannot find jobs that will support a family Cannot find jobs that will support a family  Lack of Employment Income inequalities and too few jobs for low income groups Income inequalities and too few jobs for low income groups

62. Causes of Poverty  High birthrates Enormous demand on scarce resources Enormous demand on scarce resources Starvation Starvation Disease Disease  Low Levels of Literacy Cannot find jobs that will support a family Cannot find jobs that will support a family

63. Causes of Poverty  High Debt Burden Provide lower standards Provide lower standards Reduced wages Reduced wages Undercutting their own resources in order to compete economically in the global market Undercutting their own resources in order to compete economically in the global market  Infectious Diseases Death of significant portions of the population Death of significant portions of the population Strain on resources Strain on resources Reliance on foreign aid Reliance on foreign aid

64. MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Poverty and inequity Rapid population growth and rural-urban migration Squatter settlements and poor housing Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation Social unrest and armed conflict Inadequate access to health services Low Status of women / gender inequity Unhealthy human behaviour Environmental degradation Poor Nutrition / Lack of food security Illiteracy and limited education; particularly of girls and women In Developing Countries

65. Children go to work instead of school OR Child becomes an uneducated, unskilled worker unable to earn a living wage When adult – need to send children to work to help support family Also – Natural Disaster and/or Armed Conflict = Loss of Resources = Enhanced Vulnerability to Poverty Poverty Cycle in Developing Countries

66. The Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children  the burden of poverty creates particular hardships for women and children because many developing societies have male-dominated societies where females and children have lower status than men  often have no legal rights, or the legal system may allow them to be treated as property  women may even be killed to satisfy a family’s honor  in some tribal societies, women and children may have to eat whatever is left after the men have finished their meals – can lead to malnutrition

67. Women – Developing World  woman in a developing country may have to work over 12 hours a day to ensure the survival of her family  often left to support family when men migrate (move) in search of work  education – often a luxury restricted to males  only 1/3 of girls in rural India go to school – compared w/ ½ boys  feeling: education wasted on girls  many families keep girls @ home to look after the younger children and help w/ chores until they are married and move into their husband’s village

68. Women – Developing World  cultural tradition dictates that when a woman is married she is reborn into her husband’s family, so there is an incentive to marry young  demographers agree that economic development and the fertility rate of countries are connected  decline in # of children a woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of her children

69. Women – Developing World  better educated women have fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, usually because they are better educated about contraception and better able to resist family pressure to have more children  children of educated women also more likely to survive  know more about the importance of immunization, clean water, and good nutrition  study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate dropped for every year of schooling the mother had  key to improving status of women: education

70. Women – Example: Women in Niger, Africa  Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert #176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI #176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI life expectancy: under 49 yrs life expectancy: under 49 yrs literacy – 14% literacy – 14% 65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr 65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has redcued country’s earnings uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has redcued country’s earnings donor aid has been withheld until the military government returns the government to civilian rule donor aid has been withheld until the military government returns the government to civilian rule  women – large role in economy – making pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.  yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, fathers, brothers, etc.  polygamy (practice of having more than one wife) – widespread average marrying age – 15 average marrying age – 15 average # of children – 7.4 average # of children – 7.4

71. Children in Crisis  Children – often 1st victims of underdevelopment  famine, disease, war, etc – prey on society’s most vulnerable dependents  even if survive critical 1st 5 years – children in some developing nations have few educational opportunities and are all too often exploited as child labour – some trapped in sex trade  high birth rates in many developing areas – ensures this will continue

72. UNICEF - PNR  UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual Progress of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children that measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a scale of zero to 100  Based on 5 factors: 1. mortality rates of children under age 5 2.% of children moderately / severely underweight 3.#s of children who do not attend primary school 4.risks from armed conflict 5.risks from the disease HIV/AIDS

73. UNICEF - PNR - Results  Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other highly developed nations had risk scores of 5 or below (of no consequence)  Africa’s average score: 61  world average: 30

74. Canada’s Responses to Development Issues  Canada – Foreign Aid Policy Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) foreign countries Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) foreign countries  Official Development Assistance (ODA) Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia, and some in Central / Eastern Europe Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia, and some in Central / Eastern Europe  CIDA – Canadian International Development Agency CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) program CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) program CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, and support sustainable development CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, and support sustainable development

75. Bilateral Aid  Aid given directly from government to government Usually in the form of grants as opposed to loans and Usually in the form of grants as opposed to loans and goods and services goods and services

76. Tied Aid  Form of bilateral aid Loans / grants provided to a developing country with the requirement that the recipient use the funds to buy goods or services in the donor country Loans / grants provided to a developing country with the requirement that the recipient use the funds to buy goods or services in the donor country The majority of aid is tied aid The majority of aid is tied aid

77. Multilateral Aid  funding multilateral institutions / international organizations such as: UN – i.e. UNICEF, WHO UN – i.e. UNICEF, WHO World Bank World Bank  Often in form of cash  Often large-scale initiatives like building dams

78. Project Aid  Money, goods, or services that a donor-nation provides to a developing country for a specific project

79. NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)  NGOs are non-governmental organizations are non- profit organizations that often conduct humanitarian and development work around the world. NGOs are essential to poverty relief efforts.  Governments such as Canada support NGOS through donations, but do not control what NGOs do  Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare programs  Examples: Red Cross Red Cross Oxfam Oxfam Save the Children Save the Children Greenpeace Greenpeace Amnesty International Amnesty International Habitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity Doctors Without Borders Doctors Without Borders

80. Debt Reduction  Canada supports the idea of forgiving all or part of the debt developing countries owe to international banks

81. Debt Reduction cont’  Debt has been chocking the world’s weakest economies and blocking economic progress for billions of the world’s poorest people  Governments borrowed money in the past for development projects from World Bank / IMF, etc.  Corrupt leaders often stole the proceeds

82. Debt Reduction cont’  To pay off interest and principal of the loan Governments have been forced by creditors to slash their social spending and shrink their public sector Governments have been forced by creditors to slash their social spending and shrink their public sector But debt still grows, placing the poorest countries in a kind of debt bondage But debt still grows, placing the poorest countries in a kind of debt bondage Many countries of the UN have been encouraging the elimination of these debts or at least a reduction in the amount owed by developing nations Many countries of the UN have been encouraging the elimination of these debts or at least a reduction in the amount owed by developing nations

83. Debt Reduction – con’t  Debt Relief Easing the obligations of a debtor nation to repay loans Easing the obligations of a debtor nation to repay loans  Debt Swap A new nation or organization takes over a nation’s debt in exchange for some favour by the debtor nation A new nation or organization takes over a nation’s debt in exchange for some favour by the debtor nation  Debt Forgiveness Cancelling obligations to repay debts Cancelling obligations to repay debts  Debt Moratorium Postponement of payments on loans Postponement of payments on loans

84. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)  CIDA Supports foreign aid projects in over 100 of the poorest countries Supports foreign aid projects in over 100 of the poorest countries  Manages Official Development Assistance (ODA)  Promotes sustainability in developing countries

85. CIDA  Focuses on 6 basic principles: 1. basic human needs 2. gender equality 3. infrastructure 4. human rights 5. environment 6. democracy / good governance  Explores 4 social development sectors: 1. basic education 2. HIV/AIDS 3. health and nutrition 4. child protection