1. Nutrition Chapter 5 - FATS

2. Other names for fat
Lipo
Adipose
Triglyceride
glycerol

3. Characteristics of fats
Greasy substances NOT soluble in water
Provide a more concentrated source of energy than carbs
Fat rich foods are more expensive than carbs

4. Fats are made of what?
Carbon
Oxygen
hydrogen

5. 1gram of fat provides ? Calories
Generally, no more than 20-35% of total calories should come from fat (10% or less from saturated fat sources)

6. Functions of fat Provides energy when one cannot eat
Fats are a necessary part of the cell walls
Fats contain essential fatty acids and act as carriers for fat soluble Vits A, D, E, K
Adipose fat protects vital organs and bones
Fat insulates against the cold

7. Sources Animals – meats, butter, cheese, cream, milk, egg yolks
Plants – cooking oils made from sunflower, safflower, sesame seed, corn, peanuts, soybeans, olives, coconut, nuts and chocolate

8. Sources Visible fats:purchased and used as fats like butter and oils
Invisible fats: found in other foods, meat, fried foods, pastries

9. Classification of fats
Most lipids in the body are triglycerides.
These are in body cells and circulate in the blood
You can test these levels in the blood to let you know if you need to cut back on the fat in your diet
Still not sure what a triglyceride is? 

10. What is a Triglyceride exactly?
3 fatty acids attached to a framework of glycerol…chemistry
These are mostly lipids in the blood

11. Triglycerides This is the chemical name for fats
Triglycerides are the primary form of fat in food
Triglycerides combine with glycerol to supply energy to the body
Triglycerides allow fat soluble vitamins to be transported
Triglycerides end up forming into adipose tisse that protects the body

12. Fatty Acids
This is what “fat” breaks down into in order to be able to be digested
We can get essential fatty acids in our diet.

13. Classification of fatty acids
Fatty acids are classified in 2 ways:
Essential
Nonessential

14. Essential Fatty Acids
EFA’s are fatty acids that our body cannot make by itself
We obtain them through diet
They are essential to the body and it is essential that you get them through your diet

15. Linoleic acid
Is one of three fatty acids essential for humans found in our diet
Linoleic acid is found in safflower, corn and sunflower oils (polyunsaturated veg.oils)

16. Saturated fats
Has to do with how many hydrogen atoms each carbon atom carries…. chemistry
Animal foods, chocolate and coconut contain more saturated fatty acids than unsaturated.

17. Saturated fats
Foods containing a high proportion of saturated fats are usually solid at room temp
These are responsible for atherosclerosis or plaque in the arteries

18. Monounsaturated
One place among the carbon atoms where there are fewer H atoms attached…chemistry
Examples are avacado, cashews, olive oil, peanut oil

19. Polyunsaturated
2 or more places where the carbon atom has fewer H atoms attached
Examples: cooking oils made from safflower, sunflower or sesame seeds or from soybeans or corn, soft margarines whose major ingredient is veg. oil, mayo made with oil, and fish

20. Polyunsaturated Fats
These are the omega 3 fatty acids, these help lower the risk for heart disease
If you had a choice to eat monosaturated vs. poly saturated, you would choose poly because our body uses fat for energy, polys are bigger and will last longer, but we should still eat both of these

21. Trans fatty acids
Produced by adding H atoms to a liquid fat making it solid
Like when H atoms are added to a liquid, it gets firm like butter or margarine
These are not good for you

22. Cholesterol
Is a fat-like substance that exists in animal foods and body cells
Cholesterol is made in the liver
Cholesterol is necessary in the diet
Lipitor helps to stop the production of cholesterol within the liver if a person makes too much

23. Sources of cholesterol
Organ meats * coconut
Egg yolk
Fat meats
Shellfish
Dairy
Olives
avacodos

24. Trouble with cholesterol
It’s a contributing factor in heart disease due to hypercholesterolemia
Causes atherosclerosis which is a soft build up of stuff sand then it hardens turning it to arteriosclerosis or plaque

25. Athersclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Soft build-up of cholesterol and fat in blood vessels, can be seen as streaks in the artery – this is atherosclerosis
Eventually over the years, this soft stuff gets hard and causes reduced space for blood flow= M.I. Or CVA – this is arteriosclerosis

26. How do we unclog the vessels?
Balloon angioplasty inflation of a balloon to push the plaque away, then balloon is removed
Stent keeps vessel wide open
Scrapping /Roto-rooter type device that breaks up the hard plaque and vacuums it out instantly

27. Cholesterol levels
Serum (blood) levels should not exceed 200mg/dl of blood

28. Cumulative effects of high cholesterol cause trouble therefore…
Eat healthier
Eat low fat foods
Eat foods higher in polyunsaturated foods that contain omega 3’s
Increase exercise
Wt loss

29. What happens to fat in digestion?
When fat enters the stomach, what happens to it?

30. The stomach acts on fats by sending out gastric lipase to emulsify the fat (like cream and egg yolks)

31. Fat leaves the stomach and goes where?
Through the pylorus , through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine called what?

32. Duodenum….there the liver shoots out bile to help further emulsify fat, the _______ takes bile to store it and the pancreas sends out pancreatic enzymes to do what?

33. Pancreatic enzymes turn fats into fatty acids and glycerol to make them smaller and easier to digest so that absorption through or into where?

34. Change words around on your slides here
Through the lacteals , out of the intestine walls and on into cells and then to the liver
But there is 1 problem…

35. If fats are insoluble in water….
How do fats get into the blood after they go through the liver?

36. Special carriers must be provided for the fats to be absorbed and transported by the blood to body cells
These special carriers are called “lipoproteins”
Lipo means fat and proteins are strong and big enough to take the fat to the bloodstream and cells

37. 2 types of lipoproteins occur
LDL – low density lipoproteins – carries cholesterol TO tissues
(Bad cholesterol)
HDL – high density lipoproteins – removes excess cholesterol FROM the tissues (Good cholesterol)

38. LDL Carries most of the cholesterol to the cells
You don’t need this level to be high, we only need so much cholesterol in our cells plus the liver already makes cholesterol…we don’t need too much

39. HDL
Lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from cells to the liver for eventual excretion out of the kidneys
You want this level to be elevated meaning you want this level to be nice and elevated to do a good job of removing the cholesterol out of your body
Exercise and wine increases HDL levels

40. Metabolism of fats The liver controls fat metabolism
The liver hydrolyzes (adds water) the triglycerides (the fat in the blood) and forms new ones from this hydrolysis process, when needed

41. Metabolism of fats
The metabolism of fats occurs in the cells, where fatty acids are broken down to carbon dioxide and water= energy
CO2 and H2O are removed from the body by circulatory system, respiratory system and excretory system like urination

42. Lecithin Is a fatty substance found in plant and animal foods
It’s a natural emulsifier that helps transport fats in the bloodstream
It is used commercially to make food products smooth

43. High fat diet and health
High fat diets are associated with cancers of:
Colon
Breast
uterus

44. The End