2. Presented by:- 21. Kunal Kaklij. 22. Ritesh Kedare. 23. Kuldeep Kharjul. 24. Salman Khatik.

3. What is Hydro-electricity? Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.

4. History… In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Belidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. In 1878 the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power a single light bulb in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1 near Niagara Falls in the U.S. side began to produce electricity in 1881.

5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity Advantages 1. The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. 2. Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions themselves. 3. In some countries, aquaculture in reservoirs is common. 4. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation support agriculture with a relatively constant water supply. 5. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.

6. Disadvantages Hydroelectric power stations that use dams would submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems both upstream and downstream of the plant site. Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks. Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned.

7. Images Related to Hydro-electricity Turbines row at L0s Nihuiles Power Station in Mendoza, Argentina.

8. Hydro-electric Dam Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam.

9. A typical turbine and generator

10. Sizes and capacities of hydro- electric facilities The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at 22,500 MW.

11. The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 430 MW.

12. Koyna Dam The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra, India. It is a rubble-concrete dam constructed on Koyna River which rises in Mahabaleshwar, a hill station in Sahyadri ranges. It is located in Koyna Nagar, Satara district, nestled in the Western Ghats on the state highway between Chiplun and Karad. The main purpose of dam is to provide hydroelectricity with some irrigation in neighboring areas. Today the Koyna Hydroelectric Project is one of the largest hydroelectric project in India having a total installed capacity of 1,920 MW. Due to its electricity generating potential it is considered as the 'life line of Maharashtra'

13. The dam has contributed to earthquakes in the recent past, including the devastating 1967 Koynanagar earthquake, resulting in the dam developing some cracks. After the disaster Grouting of the cracks was done. Also internal holes were drilled to relieve the hydrostatic pressures in the body of the dam. In 1973 non overflow portion of the dam was strengthened followed by strengthening of spillway section in 2006. Now the Dam expected to be safe against any future earthquake even of more intensity than that of 1967.

14. The catchment area dams the Koyna river and forms the Shivasagar Lake which is approximately 50 km (31 mi) in length. It is one of the largest civil engineering projects commissioned after Indian independence. The Koyna hydro-electric project is run by the Maharashtra State Electricity Board. Koyna Dam

15. World hydroelectric capacity CountryAnnual hydroelectric production Installed capacity Capacity factor % of total capacity China652.05196.790.3722.25 Canada369.588.9740.5961.12 Brazil363.869.0800.5685.56 United States 250.679.5110.425.74 Russia167.045.0000.4217.64 Norway140.527.5280.4998.25 India115.633.6000.4315.80 Venezuela85.9614.6220.6769.20

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