1. Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com

2. Irrigated Farming Systems Qanat Irrigation Irrigation in Wet and Dry Mountains Spate Irrigation River Basin Irrigation Pressurized Irrigation Desert Farming

3. Qanat Irrigation

4. Spread of Qanat Irrigation

5. Qanat Irrigation System

6. Inside the Qanat

7. Qanat Irrigation System and House Cooling

8. Qanat in Iran

10. Qanat in MENA Region

12. Kareze in Pakistan

14. Kareze Rehabilitation in Pakistan - IUCN

15. Issues Higher O&M Cost - Reduced availability of skilled labour Drying of Kareze due to indiscriminate development of deep tubewells – depleting regional groundwater Poor are losing livelihoods Less priority for Qanat farming Impacts on social system

16. Opportunities Sustainable groundwater abstraction system for all sub-sector of water use No energy requirement Social and cultural bonds within rural society Modernization potential – lining of tunnels with PVC Pipes in Balochistan by IUCN Social equity in distribution of water Millennium old technology

17. Mountain Irrigation

18. Dry Mountain Irrigation in Afghanistan

19. Dry Mountain Irrigation in Pakistan

20. Wet Mountain Irrigation in Pakistan

21. Wet Mountain Irrigation in Indonesia

22. Issues Glacial and snow-melt diverted from higher elevation and used in highly coarse soils Snow-melt and runoff in wet mountains Low irrigation efficiency Use of chemical agriculture polluting freshwater ecosystms Removal of forest plantation and development of cultivatd lands Sedimentation of water channels Seasonality – reduced flows in winter Small land holding and integrated farming – subsistence level

23. Opportunities Potential for use of sprinkler and drip irrigation using hydraulic head and generating hydro-power Moving towards high value fruits and vegetables – deciduous fruits – apples and cherry Isolated environments ideal for seed production – potatoes Value addition in nuts and fruit drying Mountain Drip Farming - development of commercial scale orchards using drip irrigation without land leveling

24. Spate Irrigation Systems

26. Spate Irrigation Scheme, Shebo Headworks, Pishin Built 1880

27. Spate Irrigation in D. I. Khan - Pakistan

29. Spate Irrigation Yemen

30. Issues Extreme climatic variability – too much or too less water Droughts and floods Heavy sediment load – mud flow Small land holdings Variable size of command area Difficult to manage flows under extreme hydrologic conditions – difficult hydraulics Focus on grain crops and fodders

31. Opportunities Largest resource of water in some of the OIC member states – Balochistan province and FATA in Pakistan, Yemen, etc. Cascade of Storage Dams - storage of flood water to control damages of floods and release water in drought years Niche area – production of organic produce as sediments in Spate flows is rich in nutrients Potential area for food security – wheat, oilseeds and pulses

32. River Basin Irrigation Systems

33. Nile River Basin

34. Nile River Basin – Farming in Egypt

35. Indus Basin River System

36. Indus Basin Irrigation System

37. Indus Basin Irrigation Farming

38. Issues Water scarcity and seasonality Non-equitable distribution of water Waterlogging and salinity Abstraction and use of poor quality groundwater Water pricing and recovery not adequate for O&M Low Irrigation Efficiency Low Water Productivity

39. Opportunities Potential to increase irrigation efficiency from 40% to 55% under surface irrigation Potential to double the productivity of crops Improved drainage will supplement water productivity Potential to focus on high value crops, fruits and vegetables Contribute to national economy and provide employment to around 60% of population in Pakistan

40. Pressurized Irrigation Systems

41. Saudi Arabia Centre Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation System

42. Centre Pivot Sprinkler in Saudi Arabia

44. Libya Kufra Desert – Man-made River and Desert Farming

48. Centre-Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation in Sindh

49. Centre-Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation in Punjab

50. Issues Increasing water demand Profitability of farming reducing in traditional farming systems Availability and high cost of labour in traditional irrigation system Low irrigation efficiency Extremely low water productivity Surface irrigation difficult in sandy and clayey soils and undulating topography Increasing value of water and competing water uses

51. Opportunities Potential to double irrigation efficiency Doubling crop productivity Effective conservation tillage practices to build organic level of soil Enhancement of quality of produce Suitable for heat and frost control Suitable for fertigation and chemigation Potential to reduce the cost of fertilizers per unit of produce

52. Desert Farming

56. Issues Water at premium - extremely short Undulating topography Coarse textured soils Marginal quality of groundwater Low profitability of desert farming system High crop evapotranspiration requirement

57. Opportunities Tripling irrigation efficiency and productivity of crops Localized irrigation reduces wetted area Potential to use marginal quality groundwater – as salts accumulate in the periphery of the wetted area Excellent for creeper-type vegetables, melons and arid horticulture

58. Overall Opportunities Wide diversity of irrigation farming systems in OIC Member States Rich experience - e.g. Qanats – Iran a leading country – experience of millenniums Experts and leading institutions in Water and Agriculture R&D capacity and institutions Identification of lead country and networking opportunities

59. Way Forward Water – a most critical input in agriculture of OIC member states Need for shift in focus Water, farming and food security – a function of Irrigation Farming Systems Networks based on Irrigation Farming Systems

60. Way Forward Decentralized Networks in OIC States having Centre of Excellence Egypt – Pressurized Irrigation and Commercial Farming Pakistan – River Basin Surface Irrigation and Arid Mountain Farming Yemen – Spate Irrigation Iran – Qanat Irrigation Indonesia – Wet Mountain Rice based Farming Saudi Arabia – Desert Farming Linking Decentralized Network by COMSATS

61. Way Forward COMSATS facilitate establishment of Decentralized network in member states based on their level of excellence in a specific area Members offer the support for establishment of specific networks Good example - Global Spate Irrigation Network and Chapters in Pakistan, Yemen and Ethiopia