2. Recent study indicates an available supply of water of little more than 1,000 m³ per person, which puts Pakistan in the category of a high stress country. Using data from the Pakistani federal government's Planning and Development Division, the overall water availability has decreased from 1,299 m³ per capita in 1996-97 to 1,101 m³ per capita in 2004-05.

3.  In view of growing population, urbanization and increased industrialization, the situation is likely to get worse. Nevertheless, excessive mining of groundwater goes on. Despite a lowering water table, the annual growth rate of electric tube wells has been indicated to 6.7% and for diesel tube wells to about 7.4%. In addition, increasing pollution and salt water intrusion threaten the country's water resources. About 36% of the groundwater is classified as highly saline.

4.  In urban areas, most water is supplied from groundwater except for the cities of Karachi, Hyderabad and a part of Islamabad, where mainly surface water is used. In most rural areas, groundwater is used. In rural areas with saline groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of domestic water

5.  Irrigation is central to Pakistan's economy. In the irrigation subsector, measures are expected to be taken to increase water availability, water reliability, equity of water distribution, and irrigation efficiency, to reduce water logging and salinity, to limit the over-exploitation of the fresh groundwater resources, and to improve cost recovery.

6. In a 1994 report, the World Bank proposed changing the Government's approach, and commercializing (in order to later privatize) all water services. The proposed strategy comprises:  Market-determined incentives for irrigation and on-farm drainage;  Establishment of Farmers Organizations;  Drawing up enforceable property rights to water, the first steps being the establishment of communal water rights, which would later be translated into enforceable individual rights;  Establishment on a canal command basis of public utilities responsible for operation and maintenance, cost recovery and future investment;  Legalization of water markets.

7.  Gravity Irrigation On the basis of gravity and slope variation  Pressurized Irrigation Distribution of water through Pressure

9. Water scarcity, high pricing Water conflicts and disputes Evaporation Infiltration & seepage losses Water logging salinty

10.  Field Methods Distributing water on land efficiently by attaining better soil moisture retention.  Management Practices Monitor, Observe & determine soil, water conditions. (types, w.c, rainfall  System Modifications Modifications and Replacements

11.  Chiseling  Furrow Diking  Land Leveling, by Laser Levels  Dry Land Farming  Land Retirement

15.  Rainfall Measurements  Soil Moisture : T, H, R sol, crop growth stage, soil texture, organic matter, root depth, w.c. TDR, probes & tensiometers etc  Pump Efficiency, by volume, lift, energy consumed  Scheduling root saturation records, moisture change prediction with irrigation requirements.  Computer soft wares

16.  Changes in existing Irrigation System Adding drop tubes to a centre pivot Irrigation system Retrofitting a well with a smaller pump  Replacement Irrigation Methods Micro-Irrigation Solid Set Irrigation Tail Water Recovery

18. Low-pressure irrigation system with emitter devices that sprays, sprinkles or drips water into the crop fields More than 90% irrigation efficiency. Hilly areas efficient also used Relative saline water alos usable

19.  Different shapes, types, material  Act as jets  Different mode of application.  Drip and trickle (Drip Irrigation)  Mist, spray and sprinkle (Micro Sprinkler)

21.  Drip Irrigation Emitters provide water in drip & trickle form  Micro-sprinkler Irrigation Emitters provide water in sprinkle, spray, jet, and mist form.

30.  Modified Sprinkler Irrigation  Network of pipes (metal, PVC, polyethylene) as mains & laterals.  Portable.  Above and below the Ground

32.  Surface irrigation method  Slopy Irrigation fields  Seepage, Surface Drainage, and surface water runoff  Recollection of Water in stream, lake or trenches  20% increase in irrigation effeciency.

34.  Water availability  Land, Soil type and Weather  Resources and economic Returns  Crop

35.  Gravity Flow Irrigation Cheapest, but with high water losses during irrigation  Pressurized Irrigation methods expensive with minimum water losses  Micro-Irrigation; very effective method to reduce water losses during irrigation

36. Best Possible Conservation Management AND Best Available Irrigation Techniques.