1. TAKS Objective 3
The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

2. 4C
compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts

3. Structure and Function of Viruses
Core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
‘Geometric’ in shape

4. Structure and Function of Cells
Membrane,wall(some), cytoplasm,nucleus,organelles,nucleic acids, protein.
You will always “see” the nucleus

5. Structure and Function of Viruses Vs. Cells
What structures and functions they have in common?
Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA = genetic info)
Protein
Can change & adapt to surroundings

6. Major differences of Viruses Vs. Cells
viruses are not living!!!!
Viruses must have a host cell to accomplish most of the life functions
cells do not.

7. Diseases caused by Viruses
-AIDS(HIV virus)
Cold
Chicken pox and Smallpox
Flu
Warts

8. 4D
identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in digestion and in causing diseases such as in streptococcus infections and diphtheria

9. Role of Bacteria Benefits (most bacteria)
- E.coli in digestive tract help maintain proper health.
Used to make food such as yogurt and cheese.
Decomposition recycles nutrients in the biosphere
Produce beneficial drugs

10. Role of Bacteria Bad News
- Non-Serious Conditions: Cavities, acne, strep throat.
- food spoiling and poisoning
- Serious diseases/conditions: Lyme disease, Tuberculosis

11. One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both __.
a. store genetic information in nucleic
acids
b. have a crystalline structure
c. gain energy directly from the sun
d. use glucose for respiration

14. Which one of the following cannot metabolize nutrients?
Make sure you can identify these types of organisms by looking at their diagram.

15. 7A
identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences,
anatomical similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology; and

16. Anatomical and Physiological Similarities

17. Embryology

18. 53 The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most
closely related are —

19. The diagram shows relationships of selected species over time
The diagram shows relationships of selected species over time. According to this information, which of these species is expected to have the greatest phenotypic difference from the ancestral species?
a.Species Q c.Species T b.Species R d.Species U

20. 7B
illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and extinction.

21. Speciation- Formation of New Species Due to:
Separation of populations
Changes in gene pool
Reproductive isolation
Ecological competition
Natural selection
Natural selection- survival of fittest
Adaptation- characteristic that increases chances of survival.
Extinction- disappearance of species

23. The myxoma virus was used to control an
overpopulation of European rabbits in
Australia. When first introduced in the mid-
1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European
rabbit population. Today the virus is not an
effective control of the European rabbit
population. Fewer European rabbits are
affected by the virus today because they
have —
F learned to avoid the virus
G moved away from infected areas
H undergone a change in diet
J developed resistance to the virus

24. 9D/12 E
analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and between organisms and the physical environment
investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains, food webs, and food pyramids

25. Ecosystems Producers -Capture energy form sunlight or chemicals and
use that energy to produce food.
- Also known as autotrophs
Consumers
-Cannot capture energy directly from the environment, they rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.
- Also known as heterotrophs

26. Ecosystems Herbivores: eat only plants Carnivores: eat only meat
Omnivores: eat both meat and plants
Decomposers: break down organic matter

27. Flow of Energy/ Trophic Levels
Sunlight provides the energy for a food web
 Arrows indicate direction of energy flow
Greatest amount of energy is at the bottom of the pyramid 
10% of energy is transferred to next level of food pyramid
90% of energy is given off as heat from one level to the next
Energy Pyramid
1000 kcal
100 kcal
10 kcal
1 kcal

28. Food Chains/ Food Webs
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from sun or chemicals producers consumers decomposers
Food chain: series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
Food web: complex network formed by feeding relationships among various organisms.

29. Food Chain/Food Web

30. A. R and Q B. S and R C. T and S D. U and T
The diagram represents different levels of a marine food pyramid. Between which two levels is the greatest amount of energy transferred?
A. R and Q B. S and R C. T and S D. U and T

32. Follow the arrows carefully on this one – remember the arrow points from the one being eaten to the one that is eating it. Read the info to see what is supposed to be eating what!

33. 12 B
interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism

34. Can’t We All Just Get Along?
Mutualism: A relationship in which both organisms benefit from the relationship.
Example: Clown Fish & Sea Anemone – the fish receives protection from enemies and the anemone receives scraps of leftover food from the fish

35. Can’t We All Just Get Along?
Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Example: Egret & Rhino – the bird receives protection from predators by its proximity to the rhino and the rhino is neither helped nor harmed

36. Can’t We All Just Get Along?
Parasitism: A relationship in which one organism, who lives on another, benefits, and the other organism is harmed.
Example: Deer & Ticks – the ticks gain nourishment from the deer and the deer looses blood; ultimately may die

37. Can’t We All Just Get Along?
Predation: A relationship in which one organism benefits (the predator) and the other organism is killed/consumed (the prey)
Example: Lion & Zebra/Rabbit & Lettuce – the lion eats the zebra; the rabbit eats the lettuce

40. Which of these is the best example of a
mutualistic relationship in an aquatic
environment?
F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria.
G Some fish have bacteria living in their
digestive tract that help the fish digest
food.
H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food
chains in which fish are secondary
consumers.
J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers
that recycle nutrients useful to fish.

41. Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population?
A. Fewer prey
B. More parasites
C. A reduction in competition.
D. A period of drought

42. Now You Try!

43. Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with -
a.growth
b.digestion
c.defense
d.respiration

44. According to this phylogenetic tree, which organism is most closely related to R?

46. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
F Competition
G Extinction
H Predation
J Speciation

48. About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is
passed to the next level. What usually
happens to the energy that is not passed to
the next trophic level or used to carry out life
processes?
A It is given off as heat.
B It is stored as vitamins.
C It is used in reproduction.
D It is used in protein synthesis.

50. After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established throughout much of the southern United States. One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms that are –
A. mutualistic with fire ant queens
B. nurtured by fire ant workers
C. preyed on by fire ant drones
D. parasitic to fire ant larvae

51. According to the information in the box, which of these best describes the relationship between rhizobia and bean plants?
A. Parasitism B. Commensalism C. Opportunism D. Mutualism

52. The picture shows a piece of rotting wood
The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these does the picture demonstrate?
A. Photosynthesis occurring
B. Decomposers growing
C. Wood regenerating
D. Genes transforming