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Kingdoms and Domains Biology 112
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Outcomes: The student will be expected to: Develop a list of characteristics shared by living things Identify the general characteristics that distinguish the members of each recognized kingdom Demonstrate an understanding that the recognized kingdoms of living things represent a diversity of organisms exhibiting extensive variety in terms of form and function
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Characteristics of Living Things No single characteristic is enough to describe a living thing Some nonliving things share characteristics with living things All living things: Made up of units called cells Reproduce Are based on a universal genetic code Grow and develop Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to their environment Maintain a stable internal environment Taken a group, change over time
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The Six Kingdoms of Life Prokaryotes Used to be called Kingdom Monera Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts as well as reproduce by binary fission Been evolving for 3.5 billion years Eukaryotes Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Been evolving for 2.0 billion years
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The Three Domain System Scientists have grouped organisms based on how long they have been evolving independently As a result, the domain has been introduced as being even more inclusive (larger and sharing less characteristics) than the kingdom Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea
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Domain Bacteria Unicellular and prokaryotic Cells have thick walls that surround the membrane made of peptidoglycan They may photosynthesize and some require oxygen Examples include Streptococcus, salmonella, E. coli
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Domain Archaea Unicellular and prokaryotic Many can only survive in the absence of oxygen Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan but membranes contain a lipid that are not found in any other organism Example: Thermococcus litoralis
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Domain Eukarya Consists of the four remaining kingdoms Protista – displays the greatest variety among its members Fungi – heterotrophs; most found on dead and decaying matter Plantae – multicellular and photosynthetic, non-motile, cell walls contain cellulose (when they are present) Animalia – multicellular and heterotrophic, no cell walls
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