1. Taming the City Life in the Emerging Urban Society in the 19 th Century

2. Industry and the Growth of Cities Cities were congested, dirty and unhealthy “Walking Cities” # of people living in cities of 20,000 + in England 1.5 million -1801 (17% of total population) 6.3 million- 1851 (35% of total population) 15.6 million- 1891 (54% of total population) Urbanization occurred quickly  housing conditions horrible

3. Industry and the Growth of Cities Open Drains and sewers Unpaved Streets Manchester- 200 people shared single outhouse “millions of English men, women, and children were living in shit.” Legacy of poor rural housing conditions in preindustrial society

4. Public Health and Bacterial Revolution Edwin Chadwick- (Bethamite) Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)- “greatest good for the greatest number” Disease and death caused poverty Cholera epidemic of 1846 Chadwick collected detailed reports and published findings in 1842  basis for 1 st public health law 1846- created national health board and authorities began building modern sanitary systems

5. Public Health and Bacterial Revolution Miasmatic Theory- belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement 1840s-1840s- Shift in Thought Suggestion that contagion is spread through the filth and not caused by it Germ Theory- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Pasteur found that fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heating a beverage Pasteurization

6. Public Health and Bacterial Revolution Robert Koch- Germany Described life cycle of bacteria Joseph Lister (1827-1912)- English surgeon Chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would “destroy the life of the floating particles” Antiseptic Principle Mortality rates began to decline

7. Urban Planning Practice of urban planning revived by 1850 France took the lead under Napoleon III (r. 1848-1870) Baron Georges Haussmann- razed Paris Central city not twice the size of New York’s Central Park  lived 1/3 of the city’s 1 million inhabitants Few open spaced and only two public parks Created broad, straight, tree lined boulevards Demolished worst slums Better housing constructed for the middle class More open spaces and parks Improved sewers

8. Transportation Mass Public Transportation 1870s- private companies operated horse drawn streetcars Electric streetcar- cheaper, faster and more dependable 1886-horse-drawn streetcars of A-H, France, Germany, and G.B. carried 900 million riders 1910-electric streetcars  6.7 billion riders England 1901- 9% of the urban population was “overcrowded”

9. Rich and Poor and Those in Between

10. Social Structure The standard of living increased for the average person along with wage increases Hardship and poverty were not eliminated The wealthiest 5% of society received the 33% of the national income The wealthiest 20% of society received the 50-60% of the national income Bottom 30% received 10% or less of all income Income taxes on wealthy light or non-existant

11. Distribution of Income in Britain, Prussia, and Denmark in 1913

12. The Urban Landscape: Madrid in 1900 by Enrique Martinez Cubells y Ruiz The painting shows the class distinctions: the carriages are for the wealthy upper middle class while the streetcars are for the lower members of the middle

13. The Middle Classes The Middle Class was divided into 3 groups: the upper middle class, the middle middle class, and the lower middle class The Upper Middle Class: Successful business families that were drawn to an aristocratic lifestyle Bought country homes, servants, private carriages, and titles of nobility in order to show their wealth Often married into noble families

14. The Middle Classes Middle middle class Moderately successful merchants, industrialists, lawyers, and doctors Comfortable but lacked great wealth New professions in engineering and management, which were created due to technological and industrial developments, fell under the middle middle class

15. The Middle Classes Lower Middle Class Independent shop keepers, small traders, and tiny manufacturers White-Collar workers: salesmen, managers, and clerks that earned low wages but were determined to move up in the ranks of the middle class Elementary school teachers, nurses, and dentists moved up into the middle class through improvements in mass education

16. Middle Class Culture Food and servants were the major expenses of a middle class family The number if servants a family owned showed the magnitude of the family's income Dinner parties were the most popular social occasions and were very elaborate and elegant

17. "A Corner of the Table" by Paul-Émile Chabas

18. Middle Class Culture Many families lived in rented apartments rather than homes The factory, department store, and sewing machine reduced prices for clothes and provided a larger variety of clothing Families paid extra to ensure that their children received the best education The middle class upheld a strict moral code of behavior Hard work, self-discipline and personal achievement Denounced gambling and drunkenness Praised sexual purity and fidelity

19. Advertisement for the Bon Marché department store in Paris

20. View of the elegant Garniér Opera House in Paris, France, ca. 1890-1910

21. The Working Classes 4 out of 5 people belonged to working class Livelihood depended on physical labor Did not employ servants The working class was divided into three categories: highly skilled, semiskilled workers, and unskilled workers

22. Urban Social Hierarchy

23. The Working Classes Highly skilled workers- 15% Know as “labor aristocracy” Earned almost 2/3 the salary of the lower middle class Construction bosses, factory foremen, handicraft trades (cabinet makers, jewelry, printers), shipbuilders, and railway engineers Shared many of the moral and cultural values of the middle class, but they did not aspire to rise to the middle class. Instead they were focused on serving as natural leaders and role models to the other members of the working class

24. "The Labor Aristocracy"

25. The Working Classes Semiskilled workers Carpenters, bricklayers, pipe- fitters Made relatively good wages Unskilled Workers Day laborers, "helpers", street vendors, and market people Unorganized and divided, only united by the meager wages they received Domestic servants made up a large portion of the working class-many were young girls who moved from the country to the city in search of work and a husband

26. "A School for Servants"

27. Working Class Leisure and Religion Drinking was the most popular activity of the working class Heavy drinking became less and less socially acceptable Pubs and taverns drew many people as they were the sites of social and political events Modern spectator sports such as racing and soccer became popular Music halls and Vaudeville theaters were the working class version of the middle class opera houses Common themes- drunkenness, sexual intercourse and pregnancy before marriage, marital differences, and problems with mother-in- laws

28. Poster for Moulin Rouge dance hall

29. Working Class Leisure and Religion Religion was a source of comfort to many people The church attendance, especially in the urban classes did decline during the 19th century as people became more secular and less religious Churches came to be viewed as symbols of conservatism as the people became increasingly radical in their political views the church was seen as an ally to the people's political enemies