1. Chapter 24: :Life in emerging Urban Society London, as seen here in the 1840’s was the first to face the problems of urbanization

2. What are some causes of the population growth in London? People seeking employment opportunity The Steam Engine allowed industrialists to move their factories where there were workers available. The infant mortality rate decreased and the discovery of inoculations (smallpox) allowed people to live longer

3. What are some problems that cities faced in the 19 th century?

4. Problems Cities Faced in the 19 th century The lack of public transportationThe lack of public transportation OvercrowdingOvercrowding DiseasesDiseases Lack of Sanitary Conditions (Sewage)Lack of Sanitary Conditions (Sewage) Poor HousingPoor Housing

5. Who or what was responsible for these awful living conditions? 1.) The total absence of transportation made people jam themselves together so they were able to walk to shops and factories 2.) The government was slow to provide sanitary facilities and adequate building codes. (must conduct studies) 3.) The legacy of rural and poor housing had always been this way along with some ignorance by the upper class

6. People who tried to solve the problems with the poor. Jeremy Bentham developed Utilitarianism - the idea that the government should do what is the “greatest good for the greatest number.”

7. People who tried to solve the problems with the poor. Edwin Chadwick a commissioner to the relief of paupers studied the poor to try and solve the problem Believed that disease and death actually caused poverty! Why? Everyone who is sick or dying is usually poor or unemployed. Also believed that sickness could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment (sanitary idea) Sir Edwin Chadwick Read articles (Poor Law Act, Town Improvements)

8. The Spreading of Diseases (theory and research) Miasmatic Theory – the belief that people contract diseases when they breathe the bad odors of decay and excrement The germ theory developed by Louis Pasteur began at the request of brewers! Pasteur found that fermentation depended on the growth of living organisms and that it could be suppressed by heating the beverage- pasteurization Conclusion – specific diseases were caused by specific living organisms called germs

9. The Spreading of Diseases (theory and research) German scientists began to identify the organisms responsible for each disease – vaccinations Joseph Lister, (1827-1912) an Englishman, developed the antiseptic principle. Apply a chemical to a wound, instrument, hands to kill the germs before surgery Results: Mortality rates began to decline and diseases such as typhoid, typhus, yellow fever and cholera began to disappear.

10. The Transformation into the Modern City George Haussmann was placed in charge by Napoleon III of France to redesign and rebuild Paris.

11. The Transformation into the Modern City Better urban planning contributed to better living conditions Broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards cut through the center of the city Parks were created throughout the city; sewers were improved and aqueducts built

12. The Transformation into the Modern City Electric streetcars revolutionized urban life and enabled cities to expand.

14. Rich and Poor and Those in Between The Standard of Living increased in the 1860’s to the turn of the century

15. The Middle Class The upper middle class was composed of successful business, banking, industry, and large-scale commerce families. They were drawn to the aristocratic lifestyle with servants, private coaches, and more than one home. Upper-Middle Class (5% of population)

16. The Middle Class Traditional Middle Class (20% of the population) The Traditional Middle Class was composed of independent shop keepers, small traders, and professionals. What makes her look middle class? People became aware of their attire, their mannerism, and their appearance to show people their status in society. (Social Consciousness)

17. Middle Class Culture Food was the largest expense in a middle class home (25% of the annual income) Middle Class families had servants. The more servants a home employed demonstrated its wealth and social status. (50% of the annual income goes to food and servants) Middle class families were fashion conscious. Dinner was a formal affair. Usually with 4 courses.

18. Middle Class Culture Education was another growing expense. Trying to compete in the continual competitive world; music, books, and travel became a part of culture. The Middle class shared a code of expected behavior. Its greatest importance was placed on hard work, self- discipline, and personal achievement. Sexual purity and fidelity were great virtues. Read Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management

19. The Urban Social Hierarchy In Eastern Europe, still small landowning peasants and hired farm hands In Western Europe, people migrated to the cities, in G.B. less than 8 percent worked in agriculture Aristocracy Middle Classes UpperUpper MiddleMiddle LowerLower Working Classes Highly Skilled: “Labor Aristocracy”Highly Skilled: “Labor Aristocracy” SemiskilledSemiskilled UnskilledUnskilled (4 out 5 people) (4 out 5 people)

20. The Working Class The highly skilled or “Labor Aristocracy” were construction bosses, factory foreman, cabinet makers; men who rose through the ranks were extremely proud of their accomplishments. Upper Working Class made up 15% of the working class Working Class Picnic Skilled working class’ income rivaled lower middle class. They embraced the culture of the middle class; saved money, worry about education, and valued good housing. Skilled workers avoided drinking and sexual permissiveness; Constantly reminded that they could easily slip to the lower working class.

21. The Working Class Lower Working Class Semiskilled workers composed of bricklayers, carpenters, pipe fitters, and made relatively good wages. Unskilled workers included day laborers, wagon drivers, teenagers, and servants 1 out of every 7 employees were servants; mainly girls between the ages 15 and 20.

22. The Working Class Lower Working Class Working class wife/mother had to join the working ranks in the “sweated industries”. Working at home getting paid by the piece instead of by the hour.

23. Leisure Time of the Working Class Drinking was by far the most common practice leisure time activity; became a social activity with women.

24. Leisure Time of the Working Class Music (Theatre included) and Sports were the other favorite leisure time activities

25. Leisure Time of the Working Class Religion played an important role in the working class by giving them meaning; however at the end of the 19 th century there was a decline. WHY? 1. The construction of churches could not keep up with the population 2. The working class viewed the Church as conservative in the social structure of things so they did not support the Church

26. Theories on Child Development Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed that hysteria of his patients originated in early childhood development Freud believed that human behavior is motivated by unconscious emotional needs fueled by sexual energy

27. Science in the 1800’s Thermodynamics was developed that stated different forms of energy-such as heat, electricity, and magnetism could be converted but neither created or destroyed Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) developed the periodic table and laws.

28. Science in the 1800’s The effects of Science: 1. An importance was placed on the sciences (research and development) 2. Science gained prestige among all classes of people 3. Scientific discoveries resulted in practical benefits for everyone.

29. Development of Social Sciences Definition: applying objective methods of science to the study of society Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a utopian socialist that wrote the book System of Positive Philosophy and believed that all intellectual activity progresses through stages Developed positivist method; applying the scientific method to human relations which reinforced the theory of evolution.

30. Development of Social Sciences Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) asserted that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment.

31. Development of Social Sciences Charles Darwin argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die. (“survival of the fittest”)

32. Realism Literature and Art should depict life exactly as it is. Literature focused on the working urban class and discussed taboo subjects; sex, strikes, violence, alcoholism French writers Emile Zola, Balzac, and Flaubert were the most influential.