1. Gerund or Infinitive?

2. We select the –ing from.... To create a NOUN from a verb to express a general idea(Subject of the sentence in most cases): “Paying attention is essential in class”

3. After any preposition: “I am looking forward to hearing from you”

4. After certain verbal expressions (can’t stand, can’t help, be/get used to, don’t mind/would mind, it’s no use, it’s not worth): “I can’t help getting angry when pupils speak in class”

5. As Direct Object of a list of verbs (continue, enjoy, like, love, prefer, suggest, recommend, etc...): –“I prefer going to the beach”

6. To form gerunds, use the base form + ing (don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) I enjoy learning English To form negative gerunds, use not + gerund Not speaking English well is my biggest problem in this country.

7. List of verbs followed by –ing form Verbs Followed by a Gerund “They enjoyed working on the boat”. admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss permit postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

8. We select Infinitive.... To form the subject of a verb that refers to something specific: “To answer this question is essential”

9. After some adjectives and/or adverbs: “I am happy to announce my daughter’s wedding” “The wall was too high to jump for young children”

10. After the Indirect Object of certain verbs (advise, invite, warn, teach,...): “The Headmaster warned the student not to do that again”

11. Verbs of perception(hear, feel,...) ; LET; MAKE  INF without TO: –“I heard him enter the house”; “Let me explain”; “She made me do it”.

12. To form infinitives use to + base form of the verb I want to dance To form negative infinitives use Not + infinitive He decided not to go to the party.

13. List of verbs followed by Infinitive Verbs Followed by an Infinitive “She agreed to speak before the game.” agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

14. Verbs followed by Object and an Infinitive: Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive “Everyone expected her to win.” advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force have hire instruct invite lead leave let like love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise remind require send teach tell urge want warn Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object.

15. Verbs that can be followed by both “INFINITIVE” or “-ING” No change in meaning: begin, propose, forbid, intend, start.. With a difference meaning: REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET, STOP, TRY... REMEMBER/FORGET/REGRET: + INFINITIVE  Future + -ing  Past

16. Examples: –“I remember attending to dance classes when I was a child” –“Remember to revise the questions before handing out the exam” –“My grandmother forgot to lock the door when she left the house” –“I repeated the activity because I forgot doing it last week”

17. Verbs that can be followed by both “INFINITIVE” or “-ING” STOP: + ING  don’t do this any longer + INFINITIVE  stop doing something to start a new action Examples: “You have to stop writing at 10 o’clock.” “After five hours of hard work we stopped to have a rest”

18. TRY: –+ING  “experiment” –+ INFINITIVE  “make the effort” Examples: –“I was trying to open the door but I couldn’t.” –“Why don’t you try using this key?”

19. Verbs that are followed by a noun phrase + infinitive can also be followed by a gerund. The gerund makes it general and the infinitive make specific the person indicated. They allow smoking in this building. They allowed me to smoke in the house.

20. These verbs are: advise allow encourage permit require urge

21. Both gerunds and infinitives can occur in the perfect form having done to have done It is used to indicate that the activity is in the past We appreciate having heard her sing. We’re fortunate to have heard her sing

22. Have make let are causative verbs. They cause someone to do something. They are always followed by a noun phrase + base form of verb. Do not use an infinitive after these verbs. She made me fall.