1. Soft Anatomy Chapter 4

2. Fish Muscle

3. Muscle types Fish have the same three basic types of muscles as other vertebrates: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.Fish have the same three basic types of muscles as other vertebrates: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal: Voluntary, used for locomotion, comprises the majority of the fish’s muscle mass.Skeletal: Voluntary, used for locomotion, comprises the majority of the fish’s muscle mass. Smooth: Involuntary such as intestine, many organs, and the circulatory system.Smooth: Involuntary such as intestine, many organs, and the circulatory system. Cardiac: HeartCardiac: Heart

4. Skeletal Fish Muscle: Essentially three types of fish muscle: red, white, pink.Essentially three types of fish muscle: red, white, pink. Red muscle (oxidative): Highly vascularized, myoglobin containing tissue used during sustained swimming. Small diameter and high blood volume = rich O 2 supply! Presence leads to strong flavor in some fishes (tuna).Red muscle (oxidative): Highly vascularized, myoglobin containing tissue used during sustained swimming. Small diameter and high blood volume = rich O 2 supply! Presence leads to strong flavor in some fishes (tuna). White muscle (glycolytic): Little vascularization. Used during “burst” swimming. Large diameter fibers.White muscle (glycolytic): Little vascularization. Used during “burst” swimming. Large diameter fibers. Pink muscle: This one is sort of in between red and white. Serves in sustained swimming, but not to the extent that red muscle is used.Pink muscle: This one is sort of in between red and white. Serves in sustained swimming, but not to the extent that red muscle is used.

7. Red vs. White Muscle Fibers RedWhite Capilary bedsExtensiveSparse Muscle fiber densityLowHigh Myoglobin contentHighLow Glycogen contentLowHigh Muscle massLowHigh

8. Alimentary Canal Essentially the gastrointestinal tract (GI).Essentially the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Two parts: (Antierior) mouth, buccal cavity, pharynxTwo parts: (Antierior) mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx (Posterior) esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum. (Posterior) esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum. Mouth to esophagus & rectum is comprised of voluntary muscle while the stomach to posterior is involuntary.Mouth to esophagus & rectum is comprised of voluntary muscle while the stomach to posterior is involuntary. GI tract varying considerably from spp. to spp. group.GI tract varying considerably from spp. to spp. group. Nutrient absorption increased by folding and increase of surface area (typhlosole, sprial valve).Nutrient absorption increased by folding and increase of surface area (typhlosole, sprial valve).

9. Alimentary Canal Oddities... Esophagus (Peristalsis)Esophagus (Peristalsis) -one-way trip for food! Stomach (Killer pH!)Stomach (Killer pH!) -Some tilipia <2! Can actually break down plant cell walls in absence of appropriate gastric enzymes. No stomach (lungfish)! If no stomach, then no HCl = no shell or No stomach (lungfish)! If no stomach, then no HCl = no shell or bone digestion. bone digestion.

10. Alimentary Canal Oddities... IntestineIntestine -Pyloric caeca are fingerlike pouches that may aid in nutrient uptake.

13. GI (cont.) Liver-fat storage, detox., oil source.Liver-fat storage, detox., oil source. Sharks—huge liver ~50% of gut space, but they don’t get cancer?? Gallbladder—source of bile (fat emulsification).Gallbladder—source of bile (fat emulsification). Pancreas—source of digestive enzymesPancreas—source of digestive enzymes part of liver in some fish and crustaceans (hepatopancreas) part of liver in some fish and crustaceans (hepatopancreas)

14. Buoyancy Fish regulate buoyancy several ways: Fish regulate buoyancy several ways: (1) Low density tissue (liver in sharks)—increase fat (2) “Lift” from fin movement or hydrodynamics (3) Reduced heavy tissue (bones and muscle) (4) Gas (swim) bladder

15. Gas Bladder Used for buoyancy control. Used for buoyancy control. Physostomas-gas bladder is connected to the stomach. Physostomas-gas bladder is connected to the stomach. Buoyancy achieved by gulping air. Physoclistous-not connected to stomach. Fish has Physoclistous-not connected to stomach. Fish has developed rete mirable and gas gland which serve to promote gas exhange.

17. Smooth & Cardiac Muscles: Circulation and the Heart

18. Circulatory System Mammals double circuit 1- heart to lungs 2- heart to body Fish single circuit heart gills body heart Mammals double circuit 1- heart to lungs 2- heart to body Fish single circuit heart gills body heart

19. Special conditions for fish circulation – Environment is oxygen poor – Heart is simplest of vertebrates – Fish have less blood volume than other vertebrates Adaptations by fish – Composition of blood – Morphology of circulatory apparatus – Behavioral responses to oxygen availability – Environment is oxygen poor – Heart is simplest of vertebrates – Fish have less blood volume than other vertebrates Adaptations by fish – Composition of blood – Morphology of circulatory apparatus – Behavioral responses to oxygen availability

20. Delivers oxygen Delivers nutrients Removes metabolic waste Fights pathogens Delivers oxygen Delivers nutrients Removes metabolic waste Fights pathogens Functions of the Circulatory System

21. Components of the Circulatory System to Study Blood – Erythrocytes – Leukocytes – Structure of Hemoglobin Vascular system – Heart – Vessels Blood – Erythrocytes – Leukocytes – Structure of Hemoglobin Vascular system – Heart – Vessels

22. Blood Oxygen Affinity pH – Decreasing pH decreases affinity – Often associated with carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide – Increase in CO 2 drives off O 2 (Bohr effect) – Decrease in blood pH magnifies Bohr effect pH – Decreasing pH decreases affinity – Often associated with carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide – Increase in CO 2 drives off O 2 (Bohr effect) – Decrease in blood pH magnifies Bohr effect

24. Blood Oxygen Affinity Temperature – Increase in temperature depresses oxygen affinity and capacity – Results in fish having narrow temperature tolerances Organic phosphate – ATP depresses O 2 affinity – Urea increases O 2 affinity Temperature – Increase in temperature depresses oxygen affinity and capacity – Results in fish having narrow temperature tolerances Organic phosphate – ATP depresses O 2 affinity – Urea increases O 2 affinity

25. Fish Circulatory System Primary circulation – Closed system Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Secondary circulation – Collects blood that is outside the primary – Originally thought to be lymphatic No lymph or lymph nodes Primary circulation – Closed system Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Secondary circulation – Collects blood that is outside the primary – Originally thought to be lymphatic No lymph or lymph nodes

27. Divisions of Primary Circulation Branchial circulation – Blood from heart through gills Systemic circulation – Blood from gills to body to heart Blood flow is continuous from heart, to lungs, to body, back to heart Branchial circulation – Blood from heart through gills Systemic circulation – Blood from gills to body to heart Blood flow is continuous from heart, to lungs, to body, back to heart

28. Proximity of Heart & Gills Exceptions to Normal Circulation Hagfish have accessory inline hearts Lungfish have pulmonary circulation There are also many small adaptations in some species Exceptions to Normal Circulation Hagfish have accessory inline hearts Lungfish have pulmonary circulation There are also many small adaptations in some species

29. (Vascular circulation in lungfish.)

30. Structure of the Fish Heart Four chambered heart All four chambers are in line The heart pumps only venous blood Except for a few air breathing fish, all blood is pumped to the gills Four chambered heart All four chambers are in line The heart pumps only venous blood Except for a few air breathing fish, all blood is pumped to the gills

31. Chambers of the Fish Heart (1) Sinus venous – Collects blood from venous ducts (2) Atrium – Accelerates blood flow (3) Ventricle – Large muscled chamber – Provides propulsive flow for circulation (4) Bulbus arteriosus (bony) Conus arteriosus – Changes blood from a pulse to continuous flow (1) Sinus venous – Collects blood from venous ducts (2) Atrium – Accelerates blood flow (3) Ventricle – Large muscled chamber – Provides propulsive flow for circulation (4) Bulbus arteriosus (bony) Conus arteriosus – Changes blood from a pulse to continuous flow

33. Conus Arteriosus vs. Bulbus Arteriosus Conus Arteriosus – Contractile – Cardiac muscle – More than one valve Bulbus Arteriosus – Elastic – Mostly connective tissue – One valve dividing it from ventricle Conus Arteriosus – Contractile – Cardiac muscle – More than one valve Bulbus Arteriosus – Elastic – Mostly connective tissue – One valve dividing it from ventricle

34. Regulation of the Fish Heart Self-regulating Timing can be modified by brain (influence on the autonomic nervous system) Pace is set by pacemaker cells Many areas show pacemaker activity Self-regulating Timing can be modified by brain (influence on the autonomic nervous system) Pace is set by pacemaker cells Many areas show pacemaker activity

35. The Hagfish Heart Most primitive Sinus venous well developed – Divided into two parts to receive different veins Bulbus arteriosus Have 3 additional hearts – Cardinal heart in head – Caudal heart near end of tail – Portal heart – pumps blood through liver Most primitive Sinus venous well developed – Divided into two parts to receive different veins Bulbus arteriosus Have 3 additional hearts – Cardinal heart in head – Caudal heart near end of tail – Portal heart – pumps blood through liver

36. Lamprey Heart Largest of fish hearts Atrium overlies ventricle Bulbus arteriosus Largest of fish hearts Atrium overlies ventricle Bulbus arteriosus

37. Elasmobranch Heart Conus arteriosus Sinus venosus with almost no cardiac muscle Ventricle has two muscle layers – Compacta = compact outer layer – Spongiosa = inner layer Conus arteriosus Sinus venosus with almost no cardiac muscle Ventricle has two muscle layers – Compacta = compact outer layer – Spongiosa = inner layer

39. Teleost Heart Variation exists across the group Sinus venosus is thick-walled Most have bulbus arteriosus Some have conus arteriosus (usually more primitive) Variation exists across the group Sinus venosus is thick-walled Most have bulbus arteriosus Some have conus arteriosus (usually more primitive)

40. Lungfish Heart Atrium is divided into two parts by an incomplete septum – Functional 3 chamber heart – Like amphibians – Right atrium larger than left – Right = deoxygenated from sinus venosus – Left = oxygenated from pulmonary vein Atrium is divided into two parts by an incomplete septum – Functional 3 chamber heart – Like amphibians – Right atrium larger than left – Right = deoxygenated from sinus venosus – Left = oxygenated from pulmonary vein

41. Blood and Freezing Temp. OsmolalityOsmolality  fp = delta freezing point  fp = delta freezing point –-0.06 FW –-0.75 SW Ice fishes – NototheniidaeIce fishes – Nototheniidae –glycoproteins Winter Flounder -- PleuronectesWinter Flounder -- Pleuronectes OsmolalityOsmolality  fp = delta freezing point  fp = delta freezing point –-0.06 FW –-0.75 SW Ice fishes – NototheniidaeIce fishes – Nototheniidae –glycoproteins Winter Flounder -- PleuronectesWinter Flounder -- Pleuronectes

42. Circulatory Systems of Fishes: Functions Delivery of needed substances for metalolism to tissues where needed:Delivery of needed substances for metalolism to tissues where needed: –oxygen –nutrients (sugars, lipids, proteins) –minerals –hormones

43. Functions of Circulatory System Delivery of waste products away from tissues:Delivery of waste products away from tissues: –carbon dioxide –nitrogenous wastes (NH 3, NH 4 +, urea) –excess minerals –invading organisms (pathogens)

44. Functions of Circulatory System Maintenance of stable pH via buffer system:Maintenance of stable pH via buffer system: –H 2 0 + CO 2 = H 2 CO 3 = HCO 3 - + H + = 2H + + CO 3 = –Last step only at pH > 10, so not in fish blood

45. Components of Fish Circulatory Systems Blood:Blood: –aqueous solution –solutes (proteins, sugars, minerals) –blood cells erythrocytes (red blood cells)erythrocytes (red blood cells) leucocytes (white blood cells)leucocytes (white blood cells) –lymphocytes –thrombocytes –monocytes –granulocytes

46. Components of Fish Circulatory Systems Plumbing:Plumbing: –heart sinus venosussinus venosus atriumatrium ventricleventricle bulbus (conus) arteriosusbulbus (conus) arteriosus Blood vesselsBlood vessels –arteries –veins –capillaries

47. Nervous Systems of Fishes Sensory, Motor and Integrative Functions

48. Organization of the brain (anterior to posterior) Telencephalon (forebrain):Telencephalon (forebrain): –olfactory sensation –coordination of smell- driven activities –receives visual and mechanical information, too Diencephalon:Diencephalon: –homeostasis –pineal organ (gland) –light sensitive –endocrine functions (hypothalamus)

49. Brain Organization (anterior to posterior) Mesencephalon (mid-brain):Mesencephalon (mid-brain): –Optic tectum (dorsal portion of mesencephalon): receives visual input (optic nerve)receives visual input (optic nerve) central processing centercentral processing center coordinates visual input with other sensory inputscoordinates visual input with other sensory inputs sends out motor signals to musculature, e.g. escape response from sight of predatorsends out motor signals to musculature, e.g. escape response from sight of predator

50. Brain (cont.) Metencephalon (cerebellum):Metencephalon (cerebellum): –coordinates swimming activity –coordinates: balance input with motor responsebalance input with motor response electrical sense input with motor responseelectrical sense input with motor response

51. Organization of the brain (anterior to posterior) Myelencephalon (medulla obongata):Myelencephalon (medulla obongata): –relay system for the senses –receives sensory input from cranial nerves 3 - 12: acousticacoustic tactiletactile tastetaste lateral linelateral line electrical (some)electrical (some)