1. THE EARTH!

2. EARTH’S LAYERS

5. 1. CRUST: The rigid, rocky, thin outer layer. 23.5 miles thick.

6. 2. MANTLE: Rocky layer containing magma thickest layer under the crust Made of metals 1775 miles thick 1600-6700 degrees Magma is molten material under the surface of the earth.

7. 3. OUTER CORE: Made of molten iron-nickel surrounds the inner core 1420 miles thick. Liquid. 6700-8000 degrees.

8. 4. INNER CORE: Center of the earth solid iron-nickel very hot and under great pressure. 767.5 miles thick 13,000 degrees

9. Convection Circular movement where hot air or magma rises and the cooler air sinks causing a circular pattern. Causes the plates to move.

10. EARTH’S Atmosphere

11. The Earth’s atmosphere

13. 1.Geosphere: the solid rocky surface and the inside of the planet. 2.Hydrosphere: earth’s water in seas and on land. 3.Atmosphere: the air that surrounds earth. 4.Biosphere: all living things on earth! 5.Lithosphere: A layer that combines the crust and the upper mantle.

14. Pressure, density, and temperature increase the deeper into the surface of the earth. Pressure and density decrease the farther from earth.

15. ROCK CYCLE

17. SEDIMENTARY FORMS: *From sediments compactin g and cementing together. CHANGES: *under weathering and erosion turns into sediments. *Into metamorph ic rocks under heat and pressure EXAMPLE S: Sandston e Limeston e Shale

18. Examples of SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Sandstone Limestone Shale

19. IGNEOUS FORMS: *from cooling magma CHANGES: *under heat and pressure turns into metamorphic rocks *under weathering and erosion turns into sediments. *can melt. EXAMPLE S: Granite Basalt Pumice Obsidian

20. Examples of IGNEOUS ROCKS Obsidian Granite Pumice Basalt

21. METAMORPHIC FORMS: *under heat and pressure CHANGES: *can melt and turn into magma *under weathering and erosion turns into sediments. *into Igneous rocks when magma cools EXAMPL ES: Quartz Slate Marble

22. Examples of METAMORPHIC ROCKS Slate Quartz Marble

23. PLATE TECTONICS

24. Continental Drift Theory: Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift a top a liquid core. Pangea—all landmasses connected. Fossil records prove this to be true. Plate Tectonic Theory This theory explains the movement of the Earth's plates and also explains the cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain range formation, and other geologic phenomenon.

25. Constructive processes: Deposition Mountain Building Destructive processes Weathering Erosion Mass Movement

26. TYPES OF CATASTROPHES: 1. Volcano eruption 2. Asteroid Impact RESULTS FROM CATASTROPHES: *change climate *causes mass extinction * noted in rock layers & fossils

27. Three types of plate movement: Convergent : plates move together causing mountain building Divergent : plates moving apart Lateral slipping (transform): plates slide beside each other, causing earthquakes

28. EARTHQUAKES

29. Caused by: Plates rubbing together 2 parts: Focus : the spot underground where the earthquake begins. Epicenter: the spot above ground where the earthquakes spreads out.

30. VOLCANOES

31. Caused by: Magma deep within the earth rises to the surface due to the plates. Volcanoes are located around plate boundaries Types of volcanoes: a.Cinder cone b.Shield c.Composite

32. Ring of fire : Located around the pacific ocean where lots of volcanoes and earthquakes occur.

33. Weathering and Erosion

34. I. WEATHERING

35. I. WEATHERING A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces

36. A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces 2. Three types of Physical Weathering a. FROST WEDGING: b. ABRASION: c. LIVING ORGANISMS: plant roots, animals burrowing

37. B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Changes rocks and minerals into new chemical combinations

38. B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Changes rocks and minerals into new chemical combinations 2. Three types of Chemical Weathering a. SOLUTION WEATHERING: b. OXIDATION: oxygen combines with iron and water. Example: rusty nails c. LICHENS AND MOSSES: release acid which breaks down rocks.

39. II. EROSION DEFINITION: The removal or transporting of rocks.

40. II EROSION A. Four Types of Erosion 1. GRAVITY: causes mass movement. 2. RUNNING WATER: carries particles away and sorts them. MOST POWERFUL 3. ICE: rocks frozen in ice contribute to physical weathering by abrasion. Glaciers 4. WIND: particles are picked up and carried off.

41. III. DEPOSITION A. Sand grains have formed due to weathering and erosion and have been transported by wind, water, and ice. B. The sand is then deposited in a new area and forms sedimentary rocks.

42. A. sediments settle and form a flat, horizontal layer. B. The rock layer on the bottom is the oldest. C. The processes we observe today have occurred this way throughout Earth’s history. IV. Other Rock Information

43. Soil

44. SOIL 1. Soil is a layer of dirt between the atmosphere and the bedrock in the tectonic plates. 2. Soil is found on the surface of the lithosphere.

45. 3. It is made up of minerals (rock, clay, sand, silt), water, air, and organic (plants and animals) material. 4. There are many types of soil. Each unique by color, texture, and minerals.

46. SOIL 5. Soil is formed slowly as rocks erode. 6. Organic matter decays and mixes with inorganic material to form soil.

47. 7. Soil is divided into layers. They are called horizons. 8. The bottom horizon develops first. 9. Humus is rich organic material.

48. Water Notes

49. Water cycle Transpiration Subsurface runoff

50. Water 1.Found on the earth: oceans, seas 2.Found under the earth: streams, drains 3.Found in the atmosphere: vapor, clouds

51. Ocean Water 1. Oceans cover about 70% of the earth’s surface. 2. Oceans contain roughly 97% of earth’s water supply. 3. We are the only planet with water. 4. Oceans affect the weather and temperature of earth. 5. Oceans moderate the earth’s temperature by absorbing incoming solar radiation and stores it as heat energy.

52. Ocean Water 6. Ocean currents are constantly moving and distribute heat energy around the world. 7. All the oceans are connected to each other. 8. As water flows in rivers it picks up small amounts of mineral salts from rocks and soil. Then it flows into the oceans and seas. Salt does not evaporate like water, which is why the ocean water gets salty.

53. Fresh Water 1.Fresh water is located in streams, lakes, and rivers. 2.Reservoirs store water for future use. 3.Estuaries are where fresh water and salt water mix.

54. Geological Timeline

55. EON: the largest division of time.

56. 2. ERA: broad span of time based on the life that existed. “Zoic” refers to animal life.

57. 3. PERIOD: shorter spans of time—based on earth’s crust and rock formation.

58. 4. EPOCH: based on layers of rock. Names are based on the % of fossils in the rocks represented by animals and plants living today.

59. FOSSILS

60. FOSSILS Any remains, trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in the earth.

61. Index FOSSILS A fossil found in only one layer of rock in an area. It can identify the age of the specific rock layer it is found in.

62. Paleontologist: scientist who studies fossils. Geologist: scientist who studies the earth…rocks

63. scientists

64. Wegener Came up with the Continental Drift Theory.

65. Lamarck Defined the word Fossil. Father of paleontology

66. William “Strata” Smith Father of stratigraphy and historical geology.

67. James Hutton Came up with uniformitarianism which means: “the present is the key to the past.”