1. Earth’s Structure and Materials
Chapter 3
Earth’s Structure and Materials
and a few Chapter 2

2. What is the typical flow of the components
that make up an information system? Chapter 2

4. Lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

5. A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.
Basalt
A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.

6. The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface.
Pressure
The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface.

7. Granite
A usually light colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust.

8. When scientific work conflicts with the beliefs of society and its leaders, a___________ can arise. Chapter 2
controversy

9. A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth.
Inner Core
A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth.

10. The layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core.
Mantle
The layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core.

11. the sun
the sun
Galileo used his telescope to collect evidence that planets revolved around _______.Chapter 2

12. Seismic Wave
Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.

13. Outer Core
A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth.

14. The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.
Crust
The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.

15. TO DESCRIBE A ROCK’S TEXTURE, GEOLOGISTS DETERMINE WHAT THREE THINGS:
SIZE, SHAPE, AND THE PATTERN OF THE ROCK’S GRAIN

16. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

17. The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another

18. The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.
Grain
The particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture.

19. empirical Data and observations collected through
scientific processes are called_______ evidence.Chapter 2
empirical

20. Density
The measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume.

21. What are two useful metamorphic rocks?
Marble and slate

22. The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.

23. Rock-Forming
Mineral
Any of the common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.

24. The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

25. Texture
The look and feel of a rock’s surface, determined by the size, shape and pattern of a rocks grains.

26. Igneous Rock
A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.

27. The most abundant type of intrusive rock in the continental crust is:
Granite

28. Earth materials deposited by erosion.
Sediment
Earth materials deposited by erosion.

29. Forms from sand on the beaches, ocean floor, river beds, and sand dunes.
SANDSTONE

30. CORRECT ORDER OF (STARTING FROM THE SURFACE) EARTH’S LAYERS.
CRUST
MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE

31. A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reaction.
Metamorphic
Rock

32. Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rock
Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth’s surface

33. Scientists use ____________ to understand how systems work and to predict changes in a system.Chapter 2
models

34. What step in the rock cycle would be required to change granite into sandstone?
Granite Particles settle on the ocean floor.

35. Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.
Intrusive Rock
Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface.

36. Convection Current
The movement of a fluid caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of a fluid to another.

37. Sedimentary Rock
A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together.

38. Weathering
The chemical and physical processes that break down rock and other substances.

39. Rock fragments with rounded edges form this rock
CONGLOMERATE

40. Erosion
The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered particles of rock and soil.

41. Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.
Deposition
Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

42. Formed in the ocean where many living things, such as coral, clam and oysters have hard shells made of the mineral calcite.
Limestone

43. Clastic Rock
Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together under high pressure.

44. Compaction
The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight

45. Foliated
Term used to describe metamorphic rocks that have grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.

46. Rock Cycle
A series of processes on the surface and inside the Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another.

47. Future testing can still prove an accepted scientific _____________ to be incorrect. Chapter 2
theory

48. Forms from tiny particles of clay and water deposits the clay in thin flat layers
SHALE

49. The process by which dissolved minerals crystallized and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
Cementation

50. Organic Rock
Sedimentary rock that form from remains or organisms deposited in thick layers.

51. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions
Chapter 2.
Scientific Law

52. Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution
Chemical Rock
Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize from a solution

53. Holes drilled several kilometers in the Earth’s crust provide direct evidence about Earth’s interior in the form of
ROCK SAMPLES

54. Rock fragments with sharp edges form this rock.
BRECCIA