2. BELLRINGER 1.What are functional groups? 2.Which functional groups are found on amino acids?

3. OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

4. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen- at a 1:2:1 ratio…. carbo - hydrate C H 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x

5. Function: –Fast energy (short term energy) –Provides structural materials in cells (like cell walls, receptors) –Energy storage Subunit / Building block / Monomer: MONOSACCHARIDES!!!! sugar

6. Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons –6C = hexose (glucose) –5C = pentose (ribose) –3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653

7. Sugar structure Carbs can be found in linear and ring form

8. Carbohydrates include: Simple sugars (monosaccharides: such as glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose) Short chain sugars (disaccharides: such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose) Complex carbs (polysaccharides: such as starches, cellulose, and glycogen), OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

9. Building sugars Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O A glycosidic link occurs when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis.

10. Polysaccharides are produced by adding more monosaccharides to the chain.

11. Polysaccharides Starch –Is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers –Is the major storage form of glucose in plants

12. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that has its glucose monomers joined together in alternating 'flip-flopped‘ form. Cellulose is found in plant cell walls. Changes in the bond configuration cause changes in the final shape and function of the molecules.

13. 0.5  m Plants make glucose through the photosynthesis processes, and store it in long chains of starch primarily in their roots. Animals in turn eat plant materials and products. Digestion is a process of hydrolysis where the starch is broken down into the various monosaccharides. A major product is glucose, which can be used immediately in body cells for metabolism to make energy.

14. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

15. The glucose that is not used immediately, is converted in the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Any glucose in excess of the needs for energy and storage as glycogen is converted to fat.

16. Chitin is another polysaccharide. –Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods –Also found in the cell walls of fungus (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. O CH 2 O H OH H H H NH C CH 3 O H H (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. OH

17. Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids

18. Lipid Functions long term energy storage Insulation Waterproofing Hormone Production

19. Fats, Oils, and Waxes Structure: –Fats, Oils and Waxes are made of a Glycerol molecule (3-Carbon alcohol) + fatty acid chain(s) fatty acid chain = long Hydrogen/Carbon “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group head dehydration synthesis H2OH2O enzyme

20. Long Fatty Acid Tail –non-polar –Hydrophobic (repels water)

21. Types of Fats Triglyceride- fat with 3 tails –3 fatty acids linked to glycerol –ester linkage = between OH & COOH…links a glycerol to fatty acids. hydroxyl carboxyl

22. Saturated fatty acids All single bonds along the tail (not including the end functional group) No C=C double bonds –long, straight chain –most animal fats –solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease = plaque deposits

23. Unsaturated fatty acid tail C=C double bonds in the fatty acids –plant & fish fats –vegetable oils –liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded Carbon prevent the molecules from packing tightly together

24. Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

25. Phospholipids- (makes up most of cell plasma membranes) Structure: –Made of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol molecule + PO 4 (phosphate group) The PO 4 is negatively charged

26. Phospholipids Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? –split “personality” –fatty acid tails = –PO 4 head = interaction with H 2 O is complex & very important! This end “repelled by water” This end “attracted to water” hydrophobic hydrophillic (has negative charge, therefore attracted to polar molecules, such as water)

27. Phospholipids in water Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H 2 O Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H 2 O –can self-assemble into “bubbles” can also form a phospholipid bilayer bilayer water

28. Why is this important? Phospholipids create a barrier in water –they make cell membranes! –There is a watery environment inside and outside the cell

29. Steroids Structure: –4 fused Carbon rings + One Functional Group different steroids have different functional groups Important: different structure = different function –Examples of steroids: cholesterol, sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) cholesterol

30. From Cholesterol  Sex Hormones What a big difference a few atoms can make!

31. LIPIDS All Lipids are INSOLUBLE in water! Because of their non-polar components