2. Island Biogeography First proposed by E.O. Wilson & Robert MacArthur in the 1960s. Now is a fundamental concept in conservation techniques. “Island” is any area of suitable habitat surrounded by an area of unsuitable habitat Must consider these when designing protected areas: 1.Size 2.Shape 3.Proximity to humans & other disturbances 4.Corridors 5.Amount of edge

3. One More… Which is better (black or white? Why? SLOSS

6. Notes from Raven & Berg Chapter 17

7. Forest Ecosystem Services What do you think? Supply materials for humans Fuel, timber, paper products Medicines, Foods Moderation of local climate (transpiration) Biogeochemical Cycles Erosion control Watersheds Animal habitat

8. Managed Forests Most are monocultures Planted in rows Same size, same age trees Prone to insects/diseases Insecticides, fungicide use is common Simpler ecosystem due to the monoculture in trophic level 1

9. Harvesting Trees 5 countries have the most trees… US, Canada, Russia, China, Brazil 55% of the trees are burned (fuel wood or charcoal) 45% used for paper / wood products In highly developed nations!! Methods of Harvesting Trees Selective Cutting Shelterwood Cutting Seed Tree Cutting Clearcutting

10. Harvesting Methods - Selective Cutting Cut a few mature trees individually or in small clusters. Rest of the forest is intact.

11. Harvesting Methods - Shelterwood Cutting Some mature trees are harvested. Remaining trees provide protection/shade for younger trees to regenerate. Logging continues as those grow up.

12. Harvesting Methods - Seed Tree Cutting Nearly all trees are harvested, leaving a few desirable trees to provide seeds for regeneration.

13. Harvesting Methods - Clearcutting Removal of all trees. Area is reseeded or replanted.

14. Discussion: Compare/Contrast the 4 methods Which is most desirable for Loggers? For natural species? Would all species be impacted the same by a certain method? Why/Why not? What are the PROS & CONS of each? (environmentally and economically) Would TREE AGE & TREE TYPE impact which method you choose? Would the product being created impact which method you choose?

15. Deforestation World decrease of 37 million acres yearly Causes: Drought, land clearing, expansion of agriculture, road construction, tree harvesting, insects, disease How does this impact soil? How does this impact waterways? How does this impact groundwater? How does this impact species? How does this impact climate? (temperature, moisture)

18. US Forest Conservation – Forest Legacy Program For privately owned lands Landowner & government agency/conservation organization enter into a “conservation easement” agreement Landowner sells land to the government or a conservation organization with understanding that it will be protected from development for a certain number of years. Type of easement (permanent or for X number of years) varies Land remains in private ownership.

21. Wetlands & Coastlines – Ecosystem Services Name some from the cartoon. Groundwater recharge Reduce flooding Improve water quality (filtration) Habitat Products (food, etc) Recreation

22. Wetlands & Coastline Threats Threats Drainage for pest control Dredging for navigation Dam construction Dykes for flood control Use for waste dumping Development (buildings) Aquaculture use Protection Wetland Reserve Program All about education! All about ownership! Marine Sanctuaries are commonly: Coral reefs Kelp beds Shipwrecks ….. Why????? Managed for multiple uses

23. Interesting agricultural methods Shelterbelts – minimize wind erosion Vegetation can minimize odor movement